In the EU 7 million farmers benefit from direct payments. Direct payments represent a significant share of farmers' income and help stabilize the farm income. Besides direct payments, the farmer can contract agricultural insurance to guarantee compensation for occurred damage on their farm. The insurance premium is a cost for farmers but provides safety in the situation of a risk occurrence. Premium can be subsidized in the frame of Common Agricultural Policy to help farmers insure their business and prevent climate risks and damages. The paper aims to determine the importance of direct payments and insurance in stabilizing farmers' income using gross margin in viticulture. Both scenarios, 1st with direct payments and 2nd without direct payments with sub scenarios - 1st without risk occurrence, 2nd most probable, 3rd probable, and 4th catastrophic were calculated and discussed. Results show that in all shown scenarios/sub scenarios, farm income in viticulture is positive while only catastrophic scenario shows a negative gross margin. The decision tree shows that farmers need to insure their business in both scenarios. Limitations of the research arise from the limited access to data. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the importance of direct payments and agricultural insurance in stabilizing the farmers' income in Croatian agriculture.
To cope with different types of risks, farmers can implement on-farm strategies and risk-sharing strategies. Risk management tools within EU Common Agricultural Policy are subsidized crop insurance, mutual funds (MF), and income stabilization tool (IST). While subsidized crop insurance is widely applied, IST and MF are not so common. Price volatility and climate change risk significantly influence farm income. Mediterranean area is especially exposed to climate change, so Istria County as part of Mediterranean is chosen for research. IST could protect against income variability, but more research and discussions are needed prior to its commercial scale implementation. Qualitative research on the small sample was applied with the goal to explore attributes that could impact the selection of IST. Paper provides an overview of IST and previous experience of IST on the EU level, on the basis of semi structured interviews, explains the perception of climate risks and IST on wine cases in Istria. The results show that all selected cases were familiar with subsidized crop insurance; however, they were not familiar with IST. After being introduced to the IST, wine producers were ready to consider its application. Lack of experiences in business linkages could be a constraint in the development of IST and challenge for policymakers. ; razini gospodarstva i strategije za prijenos rizika. Strategije za upravljanje rizikom u okviru Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike EU dijele se na potporu za osiguranje prinosa, osiguranje dohotka i uzajamno osiguranje. Mjera potpora za osiguranje prinosa je široko primijenjena, dok su ostale dvije strategije u primjeni samo u nekim zemljama članicama. Promjenjivost cijena i neizvjesnost u proizvodnji zbog klimatskih promjena značajno utječu na dohodak poljoprivrednih gospodarstava. Područje Mediterana je posebno izloženo riziku klimatskih promjena, te je Istarska županija kao dio Mediterana izabrana za istraživanje. Osiguranje dohotka štiti od varijabilnosti dohotka, ali prije komercijalne primjene je potrebno provesti više istraživanja i rasprava. Kvalitativno istraživanje na malom uzorku primijenjeno je kako bi se ispitala obilježja koja mogu utjecati na izbor osiguranja dohotka. Rad daje pregled obilježja osiguranja dohotka i dosadašnja iskustva osiguranja dohotka na razini EU, primjenom polustrukturiranih intervjua, na izabranim vinogradarima Istre objašnjava percepciju o klimatskim rizicima i osiguranju dohotka. Rezultati pokazuju kako su svi ispitanici upoznati sa subvencioniranim osiguravanjem prinosa, ali nisu upoznati sa osiguranjem dohotka. Nakon što su ispitanici upoznati s osiguranjem dohotka sva su četiri proizvođača spremna razmotriti primjenu spomenute strategije. Manjak iskustva uzajamnog poslovanja može biti ograničenje razvoja osiguranja dohotka i izazov za donositelje političkih odluka.
The leading agribusiness group Agrokor is one of the biggest in Croatia today with respect to number of integrated companies, employees, and revenues. Its constant growth was based on acquisitions and mainly financed through borrowing. Although questions about Agrokor indebtedness were raised occasionally, the first time the problem was taken seriously was in 2017. Hence, the special national law was adopted according to which Extraordinary Administration and government commissioners were appointed with the role to maintain day-to-day activities, and conduct settlement procedure and restructuring. The objective of this paper is to determine the nature of unfocused growth of Agrokor and its consequences on the business results. For that purpose, financial analysis of main Agrokor member companies was performed. The results reveal decrement in revenues, and increment in costs for the period 2012-2016, which caused lowering of profitability and rise of indebtedness. Altman Z-score showed that all companies are one step to bankruptcy. Furthermore, the main idea is to determine supply chain models through which the company is embedded in the national agribusiness.
Goal of the paper is twofold: value chain analysis of soft fruit sector in Croatia and to present use of soft fruit sector analysis in agribusiness management education by support of video material.Creation of value chain map and quantification of the chain is described. SWOT analysis is shaped and it is basis for endorsement of strategies for soft fruit trade on the EU and World market.During work on soft fruit sector analysis interviews with seven stakeholders were filmed. Films were edited and clips arranged. Workbook was also created. Video material together with the workbook constitutes the case study on soft fruits sector analysis.Main purpose of the case study is to serve as a tool for teaching students (preferably MSc level) value chain analysis in the limited data environment. It could also serve, with some modification, in preparing students to design interviews and in interviewing process.Paper has been developed on the framework of the joint project between Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation and University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture and financed by the Netherlands government.
Facing structural change, European rural areas still fulfil multiple social, economic and ecological functions. Because of scale interplays and sustainability trade-offs, their future dynamics are yet particularly difficult to ascertain. PRIMA aims to develop methods for scaling down the assessment of policy impacts on multifunctional land-use and economic activities. The project focuses on agriculture, forestry, tourism, and ecosystem services, with special attention to the structural effects of the policies. An analysis of the strategic and planning documents in the case study areas highlights that many measures are targeted to several pillars of sustainable development, even though multifunctionality (MF) concept is often unaddressed. Because of the bottom-up governance of the European cohesion policy, a large variety of priorities and measures has been observed, so we oriented the first stakeholders interviews towards their major objectives and the specific measures they activate from the cohesion policy to reach their own objectives. Two groups of stakeholders were identified: those who can assist in scenario and model development and in model validation (drawn from the institutions which implement policy), and the actors who may be affected by the policy and whose behaviour will be captured in the AB model. Two rounds of interviews have been performed, the first one to gain contextual information about the wider case study information. From cluster analysis and this information, sets of municipalities were selected, then a second round of interviews was conducted to identify relevant policy issues and appropriate policy measures. These interviews provide the main events which have occurred during the last 20 years, policy outcomes, the EU funding streams, proposals for new measures. A conceptual model has been developed from extensive literature review and information collected during the surveys. This model focuses on the population dynamics in rural municipalities and on the decision making behaviours observed in such areas, including indicators requirements to match with IA methods. A general method for generating households from different available data at municipality level has been designed: at this level, only average data are available and the method enables to generate relevant individual data to be included in the models. The model has been adapted to the case studies: at this stage, downscaling occurs to input data for the models. We developed a working regional economic model that interacts between global changes (GTAP-IMAGE interactions) and multi-agent based tool at local level. It covers activities agriculture, forestry, services and nature. A start has been made with a program for downscaling. We are working on a procedure to generate the basic regional data for the input. We have to start data generation and theoretical and empirical work to improve on the allocation procedures of national developments to regions. Considering backbone scenarios, first modelling at European level started, with the identification of key economic and demographic factors that drive land use patterns at regional and local levels. External drivers and policies have been distinguished. GTAP and IMAGES have been linked to provide a working modelling framework. Last, we progressed towards enhancing the scope of IA methods, with a review of literature and extensive work between all workpackages. ; Le rapport présente le déroulement et les avancées du projet PRIMA à mi parcours de réalisation. Sont présentés les développements en termes d'analyse des politiques et des scénarios, d'implication des parties prenantes dans les processus de modélisation, de conceptualisation des modèles et d'apports pour les procédures d'évaluation des impacts.
Facing structural change, European rural areas still fulfil multiple social, economic and ecological functions. Because of scale interplays and sustainability trade-offs, their future dynamics are yet particularly difficult to ascertain. PRIMA aims to develop methods for scaling down the assessment of policy impacts on multifunctional land-use and economic activities. The project focuses on agriculture, forestry, tourism, and ecosystem services, with special attention to the structural effects of the policies. An analysis of the strategic and planning documents in the case study areas highlights that many measures are targeted to several pillars of sustainable development, even though multifunctionality (MF) concept is often unaddressed. Because of the bottom-up governance of the European cohesion policy, a large variety of priorities and measures has been observed, so we oriented the first stakeholders interviews towards their major objectives and the specific measures they activate from the cohesion policy to reach their own objectives. Two groups of stakeholders were identified: those who can assist in scenario and model development and in model validation (drawn from the institutions which implement policy), and the actors who may be affected by the policy and whose behaviour will be captured in the AB model. Two rounds of interviews have been performed, the first one to gain contextual information about the wider case study information. From cluster analysis and this information, sets of municipalities were selected, then a second round of interviews was conducted to identify relevant policy issues and appropriate policy measures. These interviews provide the main events which have occurred during the last 20 years, policy outcomes, the EU funding streams, proposals for new measures. A conceptual model has been developed from extensive literature review and information collected during the surveys. This model focuses on the population dynamics in rural municipalities and on the decision making behaviours observed in such areas, including indicators requirements to match with IA methods. A general method for generating households from different available data at municipality level has been designed: at this level, only average data are available and the method enables to generate relevant individual data to be included in the models. The model has been adapted to the case studies: at this stage, downscaling occurs to input data for the models. We developed a working regional economic model that interacts between global changes (GTAP-IMAGE interactions) and multi-agent based tool at local level. It covers activities agriculture, forestry, services and nature. A start has been made with a program for downscaling. We are working on a procedure to generate the basic regional data for the input. We have to start data generation and theoretical and empirical work to improve on the allocation procedures of national developments to regions. Considering backbone scenarios, first modelling at European level started, with the identification of key economic and demographic factors that drive land use patterns at regional and local levels. External drivers and policies have been distinguished. GTAP and IMAGES have been linked to provide a working modelling framework. Last, we progressed towards enhancing the scope of IA methods, with a review of literature and extensive work between all workpackages. ; Le rapport présente le déroulement et les avancées du projet PRIMA à mi parcours de réalisation. Sont présentés les développements en termes d'analyse des politiques et des scénarios, d'implication des parties prenantes dans les processus de modélisation, de conceptualisation des modèles et d'apports pour les procédures d'évaluation des impacts.
Facing structural change, European rural areas still fulfil multiple social, economic and ecological functions. Because of scale interplays and sustainability trade-offs, their future dynamics are yet particularly difficult to ascertain. PRIMA aims to develop methods for scaling down the assessment of policy impacts on multifunctional land-use and economic activities. The project focuses on agriculture, forestry, tourism, and ecosystem services, with special attention to the structural effects of the policies. An analysis of the strategic and planning documents in the case study areas highlights that many measures are targeted to several pillars of sustainable development, even though multifunctionality (MF) concept is often unaddressed. Because of the bottom-up governance of the European cohesion policy, a large variety of priorities and measures has been observed, so we oriented the first stakeholders interviews towards their major objectives and the specific measures they activate from the cohesion policy to reach their own objectives. Two groups of stakeholders were identified: those who can assist in scenario and model development and in model validation (drawn from the institutions which implement policy), and the actors who may be affected by the policy and whose behaviour will be captured in the AB model. Two rounds of interviews have been performed, the first one to gain contextual information about the wider case study information. From cluster analysis and this information, sets of municipalities were selected, then a second round of interviews was conducted to identify relevant policy issues and appropriate policy measures. These interviews provide the main events which have occurred during the last 20 years, policy outcomes, the EU funding streams, proposals for new measures. A conceptual model has been developed from extensive literature review and information collected during the surveys. This model focuses on the population dynamics in rural municipalities and on the decision making behaviours ...
The report reviews and analyses the EU policies that have direct and indirect impacts on multifunctionality. Subjects of the analysis are the Enlargement, Cohesion and Rural Development policies, and relevant financial instruments IPA, ERDF, SFs. Based on an in-depth litterature review of the multifunctionality concept, an original methodology of impact analysis is provided. Assessment and appraisal of multifunctionality is conducted at two levels NUTS2 and NUTS3, relying on a 4 steps approach: Elaboration of an assessment matrix covering policy measures and areas of impact; Identification of areas of potential impact in the economic, social and environment domains; Assessment of potential impact of EU policies on multifunctionality based on three possible values; Calculation of the potential impact and ranking of policy measures/submeasures by ABC method (inventory management method that categorizes items in terms of importance). The report underlines that the implementation of EU policies on national and regional levels focuses on coherent regional development, achievement of relevant regional competitiveness and sustainability. The evaluation of EU policies in rural areas shows that some degrees of symbiosis and/or overlaps are at work. Despite the existence of a common framework, a large diversity and complexity of measures and actions is experienced between countries and regions. The analysis on the potential effects of the policies on the multifunctional character of the activities shows the domains of action supposed to have the greatest influence in terms of multifonctionality. Moreover, it highlights the differences between countries due to their specificity. For scenarios design and stakeholder participation, the report provides a list of domains of intervention to be considered for the different instruments and countries. ; Le rapport passe en revue et analyse les politiques européennes qui ont des effets directs ou indirects sur la multifonctionnalité. Les objets analysés sont les politiques d'élargissement, de Cohésion, de Développement Rural ainsi que les instruments financiers en jeu -IPA, ERDF, SFs. S'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature sur le concept de multifonctionnalité, une méthode originale est proposée. L'évaluation et l'estimation de la multifonctionnalité sont conduites à deux échelles - NUTS2 and NUTS3, et s'appuient sur une approche en 4 phases ; Elaboration d'une matrice d'évaluation couvrant les mesures des politiques et les domaines d'impact; Identification des domaines d'impact potentiel sur les trois piliers économique, social et environnemental; Evaluation de l'impact potentiel des politiques sur la multifonctionnalité basée sur 3 niveaux possibles; Calcul de l'impact potentiel et hiérarchisation des mesures et sous-mesures par la méthode ABM. Le rapport souligne que la mise en ½uvre des politiques aux échelles nationales et régionales converge vers un développement régional cohérent et l'accomplissement d'une compétitivité et d'une durabilité régionale pertinentes. L'évaluation des politiques européennes en zones rurales montre que des degrés de synergie et/ou de recouvrement sont présents. Malgré l'existence d'un cadre commun, une grande diversité de mesures et d'actions est expérimentée selon les pays ou les régions. L'analyse des effets potentiels des politiques sur le caractère multifonctionnel des activités révèle les domaines d'intervention qui sont supposés avoir la plus grande influence en terme de multifonctionnalité. Par ailleurs, elle identifie les différences entre pays dues à leur spécificité. Le rapport propose une liste de domaines d'intervention utile pour le développement de scénarios et la mobilisation des parties prenantes.
The report reviews and analyses the EU policies that have direct and indirect impacts on multifunctionality. Subjects of the analysis are the Enlargement, Cohesion and Rural Development policies, and relevant financial instruments IPA, ERDF, SFs. Based on an in-depth litterature review of the multifunctionality concept, an original methodology of impact analysis is provided. Assessment and appraisal of multifunctionality is conducted at two levels NUTS2 and NUTS3, relying on a 4 steps approach: Elaboration of an assessment matrix covering policy measures and areas of impact; Identification of areas of potential impact in the economic, social and environment domains; Assessment of potential impact of EU policies on multifunctionality based on three possible values; Calculation of the potential impact and ranking of policy measures/submeasures by ABC method (inventory management method that categorizes items in terms of importance). The report underlines that the implementation of EU policies on national and regional levels focuses on coherent regional development, achievement of relevant regional competitiveness and sustainability. The evaluation of EU policies in rural areas shows that some degrees of symbiosis and/or overlaps are at work. Despite the existence of a common framework, a large diversity and complexity of measures and actions is experienced between countries and regions. The analysis on the potential effects of the policies on the multifunctional character of the activities shows the domains of action supposed to have the greatest influence in terms of multifonctionality. Moreover, it highlights the differences between countries due to their specificity. For scenarios design and stakeholder participation, the report provides a list of domains of intervention to be considered for the different instruments and countries. ; Le rapport passe en revue et analyse les politiques européennes qui ont des effets directs ou indirects sur la multifonctionnalité. Les objets analysés sont les politiques d'élargissement, de Cohésion, de Développement Rural ainsi que les instruments financiers en jeu -IPA, ERDF, SFs. S'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature sur le concept de multifonctionnalité, une méthode originale est proposée. L'évaluation et l'estimation de la multifonctionnalité sont conduites à deux échelles - NUTS2 and NUTS3, et s'appuient sur une approche en 4 phases ; Elaboration d'une matrice d'évaluation couvrant les mesures des politiques et les domaines d'impact; Identification des domaines d'impact potentiel sur les trois piliers économique, social et environnemental; Evaluation de l'impact potentiel des politiques sur la multifonctionnalité basée sur 3 niveaux possibles; Calcul de l'impact potentiel et hiérarchisation des mesures et sous-mesures par la méthode ABM. Le rapport souligne que la mise en ½uvre des politiques aux échelles nationales et régionales converge vers un développement régional cohérent et l'accomplissement d'une compétitivité et d'une durabilité régionale pertinentes. L'évaluation des politiques européennes en zones rurales montre que des degrés de synergie et/ou de recouvrement sont présents. Malgré l'existence d'un cadre commun, une grande diversité de mesures et d'actions est expérimentée selon les pays ou les régions. L'analyse des effets potentiels des politiques sur le caractère multifonctionnel des activités révèle les domaines d'intervention qui sont supposés avoir la plus grande influence en terme de multifonctionnalité. Par ailleurs, elle identifie les différences entre pays dues à leur spécificité. Le rapport propose une liste de domaines d'intervention utile pour le développement de scénarios et la mobilisation des parties prenantes.
The report reviews and analyses the EU policies that have direct and indirect impacts on multifunctionality. Subjects of the analysis are the Enlargement, Cohesion and Rural Development policies, and relevant financial instruments IPA, ERDF, SFs. Based on an in-depth litterature review of the multifunctionality concept, an original methodology of impact analysis is provided. Assessment and appraisal of multifunctionality is conducted at two levels NUTS2 and NUTS3, relying on a 4 steps approach: Elaboration of an assessment matrix covering policy measures and areas of impact; Identification of areas of potential impact in the economic, social and environment domains; Assessment of potential impact of EU policies on multifunctionality based on three possible values; Calculation of the potential impact and ranking of policy measures/submeasures by ABC method (inventory management method that categorizes items in terms of importance). The report underlines that the implementation of EU policies on national and regional levels focuses on coherent regional development, achievement of relevant regional competitiveness and sustainability. The evaluation of EU policies in rural areas shows that some degrees of symbiosis and/or overlaps are at work. Despite the existence of a common framework, a large diversity and complexity of measures and actions is experienced between countries and regions. The analysis on the potential effects of the policies on the multifunctional character of the activities shows the domains of action supposed to have the greatest influence in terms of multifonctionality. Moreover, it highlights the differences between countries due to their specificity. For scenarios design and stakeholder participation, the report provides a list of domains of intervention to be considered for the different instruments and countries. ; Le rapport passe en revue et analyse les politiques européennes qui ont des effets directs ou indirects sur la multifonctionnalité. Les objets analysés sont les politiques ...
Rural areas are becoming increasingly differentiated and gradually losing their agricultural specificity. They now need to support the coexistence of two logical approaches to occupation of their space: one based on the supply of agricultural and forestry products, the other on the various demands from local residents and seasonal tourists. Under these conditions the roles of agriculture, forestry, and tourism industry are evolving; the focus is no longer simply on supplying market goods while limiting the impacts of this supply on negative external factors but now also on participating in land development and meeting the manifold expectations of society. The paper analyses EU policies related to multifunctional land use activities on the national and regional level. The policy framework within which multifunctionality of land use activities is realized is determined by three EU policies, namely the Cohesion Policy, Rural Development Policy, and Enlargement Policy. The paper focus on six cases: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany, France and UK. Three of the case study sites (in Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Croatia) were/are influenced by the financial instruments of the Enlargement policies (PHARE, SAPARD, ISPA, IPA). The impact of EU policies is assessed in three domains – economic, social and environment. The scope of impact of the major driving forces for multifunctional land use activities is assessed and analyzed.
Rural areas are becoming increasingly differentiated and gradually losing their agricultural specificity. They now need to support the coexistence of two logical approaches to occupation of their space: one based on the supply of agricultural and forestry products, the other on the various demands from local residents and seasonal tourists. Under these conditions the roles of agriculture, forestry, and tourism industry are evolving; the focus is no longer simply on supplying market goods while limiting the impacts of this supply on negative external factors but now also on participating in land development and meeting the manifold expectations of society. The paper analyses EU policies related to multifunctional land use activities on the national and regional level. The policy framework within which multifunctionality of land use activities is realized is determined by three EU policies, namely the Cohesion Policy, Rural Development Policy, and Enlargement Policy. The paper focus on six cases: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany, France and UK. Three of the case study sites (in Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Croatia) were/are influenced by the financial instruments of the Enlargement policies (PHARE, SAPARD, ISPA, IPA). The impact of EU policies is assessed in three domains – economic, social and environment. The scope of impact of the major driving forces for multifunctional land use activities is assessed and analyzed. Keywords: Multifunctionality, EU policy, Rural Development
