Undang-undang Peradilan Agama yang disingkat dengan UUPA merupakan ketentuan perundangan-undangan yang mengatur susunan, kekuasaan dan hukum acara Peradilan Agama. Ketentuan tentang ini dituangkan dalam UU Nomor 7 tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama dan Undang-undang Nomor 3 tahun 2006 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-undang Nomor 7 tahun 1989. Kelahiran UUPA ini menandai berakhirnya keanekaragaman peraturan yang mengatur tentang kekuasaan, kedudukan dan tekhnik beracara di Peradilan Agama sebagai salah satu lembaga peradilan yang diakui eksistensinya dan menjadi salah satu lembaga untuk para pencari keadilan dalam persoalan khusus yang terjadi di antara umat Islam di Indonesia. Karena sebelum berlakunya UUPA Pengadilan Agama diatur dengan berbagai macam peraturan dan dengan berbagai nama dan sebutan, di antaranya peradilan serambi, kerapatan qadhi dan lain sebagainya.
Fatwa is believed to be a container having an important and significant role in the religious life of the Islamic community. The urgency and significance can be seen from its function as a mediating between the ideals of Islamic law on the one hand with the factual reality-communities on the other. This is where all the problems, concerns, hopes, aspirations and experiences presented and confronted people to look for common ground with the ideals of moral and religious ethics in Shari'ah mediated by the intellectual prowess of a mufti. One of the institutions that are semi-formal fatwa is the fatwa issued by the Fatwa Commission of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), because these institutions are formally established by the government, but its provisions can not be forced as the decision of the judiciary. Since its establishment in 1975 MUI fatwa has been issued either at the request of individuals, community groups and at the request of the government. This simple article will try to look at and examine some of the MUI fatwa has been issued, to then be viewed and analyzed, especially in terms of legal istinbat method used in formulating his fatwa. Fatwa diyakini sebagai wadah yang memiliki peran penting dan signifikan dalam kehidupan beragama komunitas Islam. Urgensi dan signifikansinya terlihat dari fungsinya sebagai mediasi antara cita ideal hukum Islam di satu pihak dengan realitas-faktual masyarakat di pihak lain. Di sinilah setiap problem, keprihatinan, harapan, aspirasi dan pengalaman masyarakat disampaikan dan dikonfrontasikan untuk dicarikan titik temu dengan cita moral dan etika religius dalam syari'ah yang dimediasi oleh kecakapan intelektual seorang mufti. Salah satu lembaga fatwa yang bersifat semiformal adalah fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh Komisi Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), karena lembaga ini resmi dibentuk oleh pemerintah, namun ketetapannya tidak dapat memaksa sebagaimana keputusan lembaga peradilan. Sejak berdiri tahun 1975, MUI telah banyak mengeluarkan fatwa baik atas permintaan individu, kelompok masyarakat maupun atas permintaan pemerintah. Tulisan sederhana ini akan mencoba untuk melihat dan meneliti beberapa fatwa yang telah dikeluarkan MUI, untuk kemudian dilihat dan dianalisis, terutama dari segi metode istinbat hukum yang digunakan dalam merumuskan fatwanya.
This research is to find the development of integrated agricultural systems implemented in several countries and in Indonesia and the constraints that occur in the implementation of integrated farming systems (IFS). IFS is a solution to a crisis situation where agriculture or livestock can no longer support all the economic, ecological, ecosystem, social, and technological aspects. This integrated farming system combines agriculture with livestock, fisheries, forestry, and tourism. Plants with livestock are interconnected and mutually beneficial and mutually supportive. This incorporation involves utilizing all existing resources in its entirety, to produce by-products in the form of waste utilization from agriculture and livestock (zero waste) and supported by technological developments to support it. The method uses integrated farming systems by looking for similarities, differences, views, and summarizes the results of previous research. This research covers literature studies on the development, implementation, and constraints that occur in integrated farming systems in several countries in the world, and Indonesia with various models of integrated farming systems are applied. Based on a literature study found that integrated farming systems can improve food security, farmer welfare, increase soil fertility, increase employment, create renewable technology, and the importance of government support to create opportunities for farmers in increasing their agricultural scale and more prosperous farmers in the future. In addition, there are also obstacles in IFS such as the absence of a correct understanding (farmers and facilitators), yield and productivity levels have not convinced farmers, the model is not in accordance with the ecosystem, has not utilized local potential, the existence of integrators have not been considered, yet the existence of comprehensive studies and agricultural development policies are not pro-farmers and lack of supporting technology.
The existing cacao industry in West Sumatera is a small scale cacao industry. One of the risks encountered in this industry is that the production does not meet the target and the specification set, resulting in the difficulties for the industry to develop. The objective of the research is to conduct a supply chain risk management in the small scale cacao industry in West Sumatera. . This research used a survey approach method. While the data collected were primary and secondary data. The supply chain management process used descriptive method and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Study on cacao industry chain supply risk source showed indicates that production risks are in the highest priority with a value of 21.78%. The marketing, financial, institutional and human resource risks have the same priority risk i.e. 19.55%. The highest priority of risk types includes the risk of availability of industrial capital, government policy, skills and personal knowledge, and production process cost, with the priority values of 0.102634; 0.101024; 0.099903; and 0.041294 respectively. An alternative risk control priority is to weaken risk (0.39191), and risk segregation (0.25798). Supply chain risk management needs to be held by weakening and segregating risks through improving product management, supply management and information management prioritized on procurement and production processes, thereby enhancing the quality and quantity of processed cocoa products on an ongoing basis. The results of the study can become an input to stakeholders related to the development of small-scale cocoa industry in West Sumatera.
The opportunity to develop cocoa industry in West Sumatera is higher with the increase of cocoa production. In the development of the cocoa industry needs to consider various factors, while also needs to study the relationship between the government, farmers and cocoa industry that contained in one system. The purpose of this research is to analyze the cocoa industry development factor with the system approach and to determine the right location for the development of cocoa industry in West Sumatera. The collected data is primary and secondary data. Scoring is done using paired comparison techniques that are aggregated from expert opinion. Determination of cocoa industry development location is held by analitical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The result of analysis shows that the cocoa processing industry development processors consist of 5 groups, there are (1) mean industry (cocoa industry), (2) buyer, (3) supplier farmers, (4) supporting industries, and (5) supporting institutions. The most important factors in the development of the cocoa industry are fixed investment costs (0.153), marketing of processed cocoa (0.147), availability of facilities and infrastructure (0.139), availability and continuity of raw materials (0.108), and government support (0.097). The most potential areas for the development of the cocoa industry are 50 Kota District (0.183), Padang Pariaman District (0.166), and Tanah Datar District (0.163).
