Suchergebnisse

In "Forgotten People" Gerben Nooteboom describes and analyses the livelihoods and social security of peasants and migrant Madurese. It offers a new way to categorise and analyse livelihood security of marginal people in Indonesia by using the concept of style

Di tiap negara baik negara maju maupun berkembang terdapat kelompok-kelompok lemah yang berada pada posisi "insecure". Mereka memiliki keterbatasan akses untuk memperoleh atau meningkatkan kondisi hidupnya. Pada kelompok-kelompok tersebut diperlukan adanya mekanisme lain yang memungkinkan mereka menjadi lebih "secure". Tulisan ini mencoba memberikan pemahaman tentang peran dan mekanisme "social security" sebagai salah satu sistem yang penting bagi kelompok lemah. Menurut penulis, berbagai strategi dilakukan oleh kelompok buruh baik secara individual maupun kelompok untuk mengatasi kondisi mereka yang penuh risiko dan memiliki keterbatasan dalam berbagai hal. Untuk menjelaskan hal itu, penulis sangat menekankan penggunaan konsep "insecure" sebagai titik tolak pembahasan "social insecurity" di negara-negara sedang berkembang

Child labour used to be a common phenomenon in colonial tea plantations at the start of the 20th century. Since the 1970s, however, child labour started slowly to disappear from tea plantations on Java. In this article, we argue that the abolishment of child labour was never the result of improved legislation, but should be understood as part of several interrelated historical processes. Emerging educational opportunities for boys and girls, changes in labour demand, household strategies, diversification of family incomes, ideas on childhood, and technological changes in the production process are key to explain this change. This observation might raise serious considerations for policy makers today who aim to abolish child labour or improve working conditions of children.

Tulisan ini berusaha menganalisis dua hal pokok, yakni dampak krisis di perdesaan Jawa dan respons pemerintah lokal/pemerintahan desa terhadap krisis moneter. Secara tegas dikatakan bahwa masyarakat perdesaan Jawa heterogen dan penuh dengan variasi dan ketidaksamaan. Oleh karena itu,dampak krisis moneter di desajuga sangat bervariasi tergantung pada wilayah, status sosial ekonomi, pekerjaan, dan sistem ekonomi. Karena krisis,ada kelompok masyarakat yang "menang" (diuntungkan) yaitu kelompok yang mempunyai akses terhadap sumber daya dan ada kelompok yang "kalah" (dirugikan) yaitu kelompok masyarakat miskin. Selama krisis, berbagai institusi tradisional yang berfungsi sebagai social security, seperti gotong-royong dan solidaritas sosial lainnya tidak berperan besar. Bahkan, pemerintah lokal/pemerintahan desa pun tidak melakukan upaya maksimal dalam menghadapinya. Dalam kenyataannya,peran aktivitas individual jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan aktivitas kolektif.

Tulisan ini berusaha menganalisis dua hal pokok, yakni dampak krisis di perdesaan Jawa dan respons pemerintah lokal/pemerintahan desa terhadap krisis moneter. Secara tegas dikatakan bahwa masyarakat perdesaan Jawa heterogen dan penuh dengan variasi dan ketidaksamaan. Oleh karena itu,dampak krisis moneter di desajuga sangat bervariasi tergantung pada wilayah, status sosial ekonomi, pekerjaan, dan sistem ekonomi. Karena krisis,ada kelompok masyarakat yang "menang" (diuntungkan) yaitu kelompok yang mempunyai akses terhadap sumber daya dan ada kelompok yang "kalah" (dirugikan) yaitu kelompok masyarakat miskin. Selama krisis, berbagai institusi tradisional yang berfungsi sebagai social security, seperti gotong-royong dan solidaritas sosial lainnya tidak berperan besar. Bahkan, pemerintah lokal/pemerintahan desa pun tidak melakukan upaya maksimal dalam menghadapinya. Dalam kenyataannya,peran aktivitas individual jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan aktivitas kolektif.

AbstractAround the recent turn of the century, violent clashes between Madurese and other ethnic groups took place in the provinces of West and Central Kalimantan. At least 1200 Madurese were killed, with several hundred thousands internally displaced. However, in the provinces of South and East Kalimantan, which also have Madurese minorities, such eruptions of violence did not occur. To reach a better understanding of the background, conditions and causes of such ethnic violence, we have compared the relationships between the Madurese and other population groups in conflict-ridden West Kalimantan and conflictfree East Kalimantan. The comparison shows that there are significant dissimilarities between the two regions with regard to the ethnic composition of the population, cultural attitudes, access to natural resources and political competition. Together with the negative characteristics attributed to the Madurese by other groups, these can largely explain why this minority, during the recent regime change, became the target of the frustrations and aspirations of others in the western part of Kalimantan but not in the eastern part.

AbstractIn the middle Mahakam wetlands, East Kalimantan, local populations are hit hard by ecological deterioration in the form of degraded water quality, floods, depletion of fish stocks, and increasing sedimentation and aquatic weeds. In the short term, resources such as fish and wood are being depleted, while unpredictable floods and droughts cause insecurities and lengthy periods without earnings. In the longer term, resource depletion and water pollution threaten villagers' health. Some of these environmental problems are produced by the fishing communities themselves but most are caused by outside actors, such as logging and mining companies and oil palm plantations. This article raises the question of why local fishing communities do not resist against outside actors and seeks to explain why they are unable to protect and manage their environment in a sustainable way. It challenges 'green development fantasies' and optimistic approaches which put primary faith in the capacity of local communities to manage their resources. We show instead that local communities are often unable to challenge and resist environmental changes. We explain this out of a lack of: (1) a clear enemy or a clear focus of opposition; (2) a single and relatively homogeneous community or shared ethnic identity; (3) strong leadership; and (4) the involvement of brokers with the outside world. In this article, optimistic ideas about the ability of local communities to benefit from, or protect, their 'locality of value' are seriously challenged.

In this e-book, we take a perspective 'from below' and focus on people's experiences of risk and disasters, as well as on people's interpretations of risk. Key questions to the contributors are: How do people themselves view the risks that they face and/or take in their everyday lives? How do they interpret and live with risks? How do people's perceptions and interpretations conflict or correspond to those of government officials and scientific advisors? In the end, what are the risk behaviour outcomes? Such questions crucially need to be raised in studies of the 'risky everyday'. Climate chan