One from Seven Hundred: A Year in the Life of Parliament provides information pertinent to the 700th anniversary of the Parliament in 1965. This book discusses the important reforms in parliamentary procedures, including modern voting techniques, the establishment of specialist committees, a time limit for all speeches, and morning sittings three days a week. Organized into 11 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the role of the Parliament, which is a necessity to have some sort of formal machinery for the approval and processing of legislation. This text then examines the empirical
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This is a study of learning and socialization in China's foreign security policy, examining how China has at times been more assertive and in other instances has taken a more accommodating approach in its foreign security policy behavior. This paper argues that China has been "socialized" by its international security environment by exploring Kenneth Waltz's theoretical mechanism of the "socialization" of states in the international system. The 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis and the early 2000s, the Senkaku/Diaoyutai crises from 2012 to 2015, and the South China Sea in the mid-1990s are all instances in which China has employed force only to suffer strategically. This has eventually led to a less confrontational posture and contributed to the pursuit of a more cooperative engagement strategy with both Southeast Asia (from 1998 to 2008) and Taiwan ([Formula: see text]2006–2016). Variations in China's assertiveness can be explained by the combination of domestic politics and signals from China's international security environment.
Abstract: This article summarizes the main issues typically arising as regards the building and operation of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom. It looks at both the planning process and the potential for a private law action, even though planning permission has been granted and a wind farm is operating within the conditions imposed by that process. The issues arising in a typical (and particular) private law action are considered. Résumé: La présente note résume les principales questions qui se posent au sujet de la construction et la mise en opération de parcs d'éoliennes sur terre ferme au Royaume Uni. Il analyse á la fois le processus de planification et le potentiel d'une action en droit privé même si les permis de bâtir ont été garantis et les éoliennes sont opérantes dans les conditions imposées dans ce processus. L'article prend en considération les questions qui se posent dans une action type (et particuliére) en droit privé. Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst die zentralen Probleme, die in Großbritannien im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau und Betrieb von Windparks im Inland typischerweise aufkommen, zusammen. Er betrachtet dabei sowohl den Planungsprozess als auch das Potenzial für private Rechtsstreitigkeiten, auch für den Fall, dass eine Baugenehmigung erteilt wurde und der Windpark innerhalb der in diesem Zusammenhang beschlossenen Auflagen operiert. Die sich ergebenden Probleme eines typischen (aber auch speziellen) privaten Rechtsstreits werden berücksichtigt.
On economic statecraft -- What is economic statecraft? -- The challenge of state control -- Economics and China's grand strategy -- Securing strategic raw materials -- "Going out" and China's search for energy security -- Rio Tinto and the (in)visible hand of the state -- Cross-strait economic statecraft -- Coercive leverage across the Taiwan Strait -- Interest transformation across the Taiwan Strait -- China's sovereign wealth funds -- State administration of foreign exchange: a safe tool of economic statecraft -- What right looks like: the national social security fund -- The China investment corporation -- Concluding implications -- Appendix: Coding of the independent variables.
In Chinese Economic Statecraft, William J. Norris introduces an innovative theory that pinpoints how states employ economic tools of national power to pursue their strategic objectives. Norris shows what Chinese economic statecraft is, how it works, and why it is more or less effective. Norris provides an accessible tool kit to help us better understand important economic developments in the People's Republic of China. He links domestic Chinese political economy with the international ramifications of China's economic power as a tool for realizing China's strategic foreign policy interests. He presents a novel approach to studying economic statecraft that calls attention to the central challenge of how the state is (or is not) able to control and direct the behavior of economic actors. Norris identifies key causes of Chinese state control through tightly structured, substate and crossnational comparisons of business-government relations. These cases range across three important arenas of China's grand strategy that prominently feature a strategic role for economics: China's efforts to secure access to vital raw materials located abroad, Mainland relations toward Taiwan, and China's sovereign wealth funds. Norris spent more than two years conducting field research in China and Taiwan during which he interviewed current and former government officials, academics, bankers, journalists, advisors, lawyers, and businesspeople. The ideas in this book are applicable beyond China and help us to understand how states exercise international economic power in the twenty-first century.
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This article focuses on one of the most fascinating features of contemporary Chinese foreign policy, namely the use of economics as a tool of national power. This article seeks to provide a foundational context for the study of China's economic statecraft. The first portion of this article builds upon existing work to frame the phenomenon of China's post-Cold War economic statecraft. I then offer a rough periodization of this post-Cold War era highlighting key events and strategic turning points for China. I distinguish three major periods: integration into the global economic system following the post-Tiananmen isolation (1989–1997), a decade of win-win diplomacy (1998–2008), and emerging great power economic statecraft (2008–2017). The piece concludes with a proposition that we may be witnessing the early stages of a fourth phase as well as some considerations for the future study of Chinese economic statecraft. (JCCA/GIGA)
