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Abstract
This essay explores the artist Gregory Chatonsky's development of a new type of image—the extinction image. Emerging as a by-product of new technologies such as deep learning and neural nets, this nonoperative image is typified by a painstaking attempt to come to grips with the current threat of human extinction. It arises as a symptom of numerous crises endemic to the Anthropocene, providing a speculative tool for planetary thinking to develop alternatives in and through what has been called postcinema by scholars such as Steve Shaviro and Shane Denson. For Chatonsky, the Earth itself must now be imagined as a disarticulate user of postcinematic media, producing images that display a stunning indifference to the presence or absence of the human species. Close examination of Chatonsky's work will reveal a radical ecopolitics defined by a concern for what Alexander Galloway has called whatever being. Urging us to think carefully about the planetary emergency presented by climate change and geopolitical unrest, the extinction image serves as a reminder that the future of life on Earth is not a foregone conclusion.

This book presents an argument that the environmental movement is a coalition of many groups working toward common objectives without common values. Norton believes this lack of unity causes unnecessary and divisive controversy and debate within the environmentalist community which impedes the development of effective and timely environmental management policies. The various participants in environmental debates see events so differently, and describe them in such diverse vocabularies, that the environmental movement, unlike other social action movements, lacks common theoretical principles. Norton's goal is to create a common language for discussing environmental issues as a first step towards a unified theory of environmental management.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Part 1: Change, Complexity, and Decision Contexts -- Chapter 1: Responding to Change -- 1.1. Waves of Change -- 1.2. Strategies for Achieving Sustainability -- 1.3. Sustainability: A Contested Concept -- 1.4. Aldo Leopold and Changing Times -- Chapter 2: The Decision Context -- 2.1. Two Orientations: Theoretical or Practical? -- 2.2. Decisions in Environmental Conflict Situations -- 2.3. Most Environmental Problems Are Wicked -- 2.4. Strategies for Living with Uncertainty -- Chapter 3: A Brief Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management -- 3.1. The Case against Computation -- 3.2. The Current Situation in the Field of Evaluation Studies -- 3.3. Two Kinds of Rationality -- 3.4. Expect Surprises! Introducing Adaptive Management -- 3.5. Adaptive Management as Embedded Science -- 3.6. An Epistemology for Adaptive Management -- Chapter 4: Contesting Sustainability: Who Will Own the Word? -- 4.1. What Is Sustainability? And, What Is to Be Sustained? -- 4.2. What Should We Measure? Sustainability in Economics and Ecology -- 4.3. Scale, Boundaries, and Hierarchical Systems -- 4.4. A Schematic Definition of "Normative Sustainability" -- 4.5. Conclusion of Part 1: A Way Forward -- Part 2: A Process Approach to Sustainability -- Chapter 5: Introducing and Grounding a Procedural Approach -- 5.1. Pluralism and Corrigibility -- 5.2. John Dewey: Publics and the Public Interest -- 5.3. Heuristic Proceduralism: A General Method -- 5.4. Public Participation: Dynamic Evaluation and Sustainability -- 5.5. Method: Toward a More Holistic Approach to Environmental Valuation -- Chapter 6: Heuristic Proceduralism: A General Method -- 6.1. Dynamic Evaluation -- 6.2. Discourses, Spaces, and the Place of Technical Languages -- 6.3. The Capabilities Approach.

Management of social-ecological systems takes place amidst complex governance processes and cross-scale institutional arrangements that are mediated through politics of scale. Each management scenario generates distinct cross-scale trade-offs in the distribution of pluralistic values. This study explores the hypothesis that conservation-oriented management scenarios generate higher value for international and national scale social organizations, whereas mixed or more balanced management scenarios generate higher value for local scale social organizations. This hypothesis is explored in the management context of Ruaha National Park (RNP), Tanzania, especially the 2006 expansion of RNP that led to the eviction of many pastoralists and farmers. Five management scenarios for RNP, i.e., national park, game reserve, game control area, multiple use area, and open area, are evaluated in a multicriteria decision analytical framework on six valuation criteria: economic welfare; good governance; socio-cultural values; social equity; ecosystem services; and biodiversity protection; and at three spatial scales: local, national, and international. Based upon this evaluation, we discuss the politics of scale that ensue from the implementation of management alternatives with different mixes of conservation and development goals in social-ecological systems. Copyright © 2011 by the author(s).

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Preface -- Introduction: The Roots of Moral Austerity in Environmental Policy Discourse -- Part I. Moral Principles and Environmental Policy: Basic Issues and Dilemmas -- Issue 1: Science as a Substitute for Moral Principle? Science as a Substitute for Moral Principle -- Science Is No Substitute for Moral Principle -- Issue 2: Environmental Justice without Social Justice? Why Environmental Thought and Action Must Include Considerations of Social Justice -- Environmental Justice: Private Preference or Public Necessity? -- Issue 3: Nature Has Only an Instrumental Value Sustainability: Descriptive or Performative? -- Are Environmental Values All Instrumental? -- Issue 4: Intrinsic Value Implies No Use and a Threat to Democratic Governance A Practical Concept of Nature's Intrinsic Value -- On Intrinsic Value and Environmental Ethics -- Part II. Case Studies in Sustainable Environmental Policy and Law -- Introduction -- The Subnational Role in Sustainable Development: Lessons from American States and Canadian Provinces -- Sustainable Development and Natural Hazards Mitigation -- Sustainable Governance -- Sustainability in the United States: Legal Tools and Initiatives -- Sustainable Development and the Use of Public Lands -- The Impact of Political Institutions on Preservation of U.S. and Canadian National Parks -- Global Environmental Accountability: The Missing Link in the Pursuit of Sustainable Development? -- Part III. Moral Principles and Sustainable Environmental Policy: An Analysis of Ends and Means -- Introduction -- Issue 1: Science and Sustainability Sustainability, Sustainable Development, and Values -- Saving All the Parts: Science and Sustainability -- Discussion -- Issue 2: Environmental Policy, Sustainability, and Social Justice Why Environmental Public Policy Analysis Must Include Explicit Normative Considerations: Reflections on Seven Illustrations -- Sustainability and Environmental Justice: A Necessary Connection -- Discussion -- Issue 3: A Sustainable Environment as an Instrumental Value? The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Environment -- Why Not Foxy Hedgehogs? -- Discussion -- Issue 4: A Sustainable Environment as an Intrinsic Value? Sustainability: Restricting the Policy Debate -- Comments on Sustainability -- Discussion -- Conclusion: Democratic Competence, Accountability, and Education in the Twenty-first Century -- Notes -- References -- Contributors -- Index