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Staten har de siste årene skjerpet lovverket som regulerer nasjonal sikkerhet, blant annet for å bedre situasjonsforståelse og krisehåndtering i møte med hybride trusler fra Russland og Kina. Artikkelen er en samtidshistorisk undersøkelse av norsk forebyggende sikkerhet i tiårene siden den kalde krigen og viser hvordan graden av statlig inngripen er blitt moderert i spennet mellom skiftende trusselforståelser og hensynet til effektiv statsforvaltning, økonomisk liberalisering og internasjonalisering. Frem til 2014 veide dette hensynet ofte tyngre enn sikkerhet, mens forholdet gradvis dreide motsatt vei med fornyet stormaktsrivalisering og Russlands anneksjon av Krym i 2014. Artikkelen konkluderer med at motsetningen mellom sikkerhetsbegrunnet inngripen og økonomisk handlefrihet ikke er en floke som kan løses, men en vedvarende balansegang. Dermed kan ikke den sårbare randsonen i lovverkets ytterkant fjernes, bare flyttes.
Abstract in EnglishNational Security or Economic Efficiency? Norway's Ability to Detect Hybrid Threats in a Contemporary History PerspectiveIn recent years several parts of Norwegian national security legislation has been strengthened. A key goal has been to improve the capacity for situational awareness and crisis management in the face of Russian or Chinese hybrid threats. This article takes a contemporary history approach to the development of Norwegian protective security in the decades since the end of the cold war. It shows how the reach of the state has been modified by competing pressures from changing threat assessments and the ambition of government reforms, economic liberalisation and internationalisation. Until 2014 security tended to take the back seat. The balance began to change following Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and a renewed emphasis on great power rivalry. The article concludes that the juxtaposition of security-motivated state intervention and economic freedoms is not a puzzle to be solved, but rather a permanent balancing act. Consequently, the vulnerable edges of legislation, where state regulation ends, may be moved but not abolished.

AbstractThis article shows how corporatism in the Nordic countries helped shape the 'ecological turn' as governments and conservationist associations co-organised the Council of Europe's 'European Conservation Year 1970'. The national programmes came to present highly diverging levels of discord, as this nascent policy field channeled challenges to the premise of economic growth. Cross-national comparisons highlight the importance of variations in the institutional maturity of environmental administrations as well as in the power afforded to industrial representatives. Danish, Swedish and Norwegian archival sources illuminate negotiations between governments and private associations, contributing to an in-depth analysis of a rarely researched transnational event.

The article provides a detailed analysis of previously unresearched campaign management seminars for European Center-Right political parties within the European Democrat Union (EDU) in the 1980s. Original archival material shows how these seminars in several ways facilitated the spread of campaign techniques originating in the United States: (1) through the collective discussion and adaptation of U.S. innovations to a European context and (2) as a catalyst for bilateral relationships between otherwise unlikely partners. Members from small countries gained access to global leaders of campaign development in the shape of operatives from the U.K. Conservative Party, the German CDU, and the U.S. Republican Party. The campaign seminar group depended on the will of EDU members from these powerful countries to build and maintain a transnational organization within the frameworks of the cold war and European integration. In conclusion, the article argues that mediating instances such as the campaign seminars should be integrated in explanatory concepts such as 'modernization' and 'Americanization,' as should historical context. [Reprinted by permission; copyright Sage Publications Inc.]

The article provides a detailed analysis of previously unresearched campaign management seminars for European Center-Right political parties within the European Democrat Union (EDU) in the 1980s. Original archival material shows how these seminars in several ways facilitated the spread of campaign techniques originating in the United States: (1) through the collective discussion and adaptation of U.S. innovations to a European context and (2) as a catalyst for bilateral relationships between otherwise unlikely partners. Members from small countries gained access to global leaders of campaign development in the shape of operatives from the U.K. Conservative Party, the German CDU, and the U.S. Republican Party. The campaign seminar group depended on the will of EDU members from these powerful countries to build and maintain a transnational organization within the frameworks of the cold war and European integration. In conclusion, the article argues that mediating instances such as the campaign seminars should be integrated in explanatory concepts such as "modernization" and "Americanization," as should historical context.

1. Introduction: Reasserting America in the 1970s -- Hallvard Notaker, Giles Scott-Smith, David J. Snyder 2. Historical setting: the age of fear, uncertainty and doubt -- Thomas W. Zeiler Part I: A new public diplomacy for a new America 3. The Devil at the crossroads: USIA and American public diplomacy in the 1970s -- Nicholas J. Cull 4. The Sister City network in the 1970s: American municipal internationalism and public diplomacy in a decade of change -- Brian C. Etheridge 5. The exposure of CIA sponsorship of Radio Free Europe: the 'Crusade for Freedom', American exceptionalism and the foreign-domestic nexus of public diplomacy -- Kenneth Osgood 6. USIA responds to the women's movement, 1960-75 -- Laura A. Belmonte 7. 'The low key mulatto coverage': race, civil rights and American public diplomacy, 1965-76 -- Michael L. Krenn 8. Paintbrush politics: the collapse of American arts diplomacy, 1968-72 -- Claire Bower 9. Selling space capsules, Moon rocks and America: spaceflight in U.S.