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In the collective memory of the British, there was a perception that Afghanistan was a space that could not be colonized: a space that limited British power and influence. Nevertheless, selectively using its experience of colonial warfare, Britain invaded Afghanistan for the fourth time, this time as part of a multilateral force. In analyzing the performance of Britain's counterinsurgency mission in Afghanistan, Western sources have most often favored identifying tactical and operational failures of military or civilian structures rather than addressing the fundamental shortcomings of the operation in Afghanistan. Britain has joined the efforts of the «collective West» in Afghanistan, primarily to demonstrate to Washington that London remains its most reliable and most significant military ally. Over time, attachment to the United States went so far as to atrophy Britain's ability to develop its own national strategy. Western countries have replaced the fight against al-Qaeda who carried out terrorist attacks in the United States with the fight against the Taliban insurgency. The English narrative used the category of moral obligation more often than national interest. Great Britain demanded that Afghanistan turn into a liberal-democratic state. The troops not only introduced foreign Western ideas of democracy and the rule of law, they also tried to expand the power of the central government in Kabul, a government that was not accepted by the insurgents and generally lacked legitimacy among Afghans. The continued presence of Western forces in Afghanistan has generated hatred and initiated jihad.

eingereicht von Olga Novikova ; Universität Linz, Diplomarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1413313

The article is devoted to anemonyms — proper names of natural disasters. The relevance of the study is due to the scanty, fragmentary data on anemonyms in Russian onomastics that hardly correlate with the results of foreign studies, while before our eyes the anemonym has transformed from a marginal onomastic implicature into an independent onymic unit that performs functions inherent to all categories of proper names. In connection with the climate crisis, the number of natural disasters is growing, not only causing enormous damage to the global economy, but also threatening survival. The linguo-pragmatic conditions for the choice of names, the origins and modern forms of anthropomorphism of anemonyms are revealed. It has been established that anemonyms are formed from anthroponyms (female and male personal names), toponyms, agionyms, caronyms, onyms from the sphere of biota, as well as on the basis of similarity in form.

The purpose of the paper is to track processes of radicalization in Central Asia (CA) leading to acts of terrorism in Europe and to show the Western approach to the multiple drivers for violent extremism in СА. The revival of Islam throughout the region was a natural factor, as it filled the ideological vacuum formed after the collapse of the communist ideology, and the radicalization of Muslims could not be a consequence of these processes. Western scholars are viewing the efforts of the CA governments to counter radicalization and violent extremism through the lens of the «Western values» framing them in human-rights terms. The authoritarian states of Central Asia do monitor the activities of all religious groups and individuals but the author is sure that such religious restrictions cannot lead to violent extremism in Central Asia. The conflict is not between Islam and secularism, the real dispute unfolds within Islam: the traditional faith opposes radical brands of Islam. The governments of Central Asian states are not opposed to Islam per se, but rather to radical, politicized Islam, which serves as a framework for political opposition. Hundreds of Central Asian citizens travelled to the Middle East to support Al-Qaeda and Islamic State. The populations most at risk of radicalization are residents of the border regions of the CA states, ethnic minorities, youth, migrants, divorced women and orphans. Geographic proximity of the region to Afghanistan also matters. Now the exodus to wage jihad in the Middle East or in Afghanistan is not an immediate threat, but it should be borne in mind that the surviving IS fighters are returning to Europe, Central Asia and Russia.

Beginning with an overview of the threats of terrorism in Europe and the USA, the author offers a survey of factors that have been identified as influencing the practices of counterterrorism or law enforcement agencies. Massive counterterrorism operations in Syria and Iraq as well as effectiveness of the counterterrorism authorities curbed large-scale attacks of jihadists in both Western Europe and the United States. But with one of the Islamic State's key goals being the formation of a new society, rather than simply military victories, the dissemination of its brand and ideology via mainstream social media becomes critical to achieving ISIS' strategic goals. A surge in the Muslim population with subsequent high Muslim unemployment has been shown to be a predisposing factor for radicalization of the part of Muslim diasporas and its recruitment into the global jihad. The EU-members and the United States need to work more closely on disrupting jihadists' social media, travel, recruitment and logistics, countering terrorist finance, protecting potential targets. The importance of sharing information is specifically underlined. But the polarisation of society, discrimination and other psychological and sociological factors can reinforce people's vulnerability to radical discourse. Thus, counter-terrorism should not be purely repressive: integration and iclusion would contribute to prevention efforts, assuming that a more cohesive and inclusive society can help prevent the spread of extremist ideologies leading to terrorism.

The purpose of the study is to assess the imbalance between the quality of labor and the needs of the national labor market and harmonize the supply of the national education system to meet the demands of social production. The analysis of actual (statistical) data is carried out; the method of expert survey is used to identify imbalances between labor and education markets. The needs of the national labor market for experts with digital and creative skills are substantiated. The authors focused on the problem of imbalance in the market of educational services and demand for labor with appropriate skills in the labor market of Ukraine. According to the results of the analysis, it has been found that the domestic labor market is characterized, on the one hand, by excessive qualification of the labor force, which is manifested in the excess of the educational level of employees over the demand for such specialists. This is reflected in the lack of decent jobs in the national labor market. On the other hand, the national labor market is characterized by a shortage of employees with digital skills. Expert assessments of specialists in labor, education and digital economy have revealed a lack of focus of all education levels on the formation of digital and creative skills in the actual and potential labour force. Approaches to the study of imbalances in national labor markets and educational services have been further developed. The main trends in labor skills formation and demand for them among employers in the national labor market in the context of digitalization have been identified. Compared with previous studies, the research contains the results of an expert survey. The obtained results serve as a research basis for the development of strategic decisions in the field of markets balancing and education in the context of digitalization of the economy.

The unwillingness of the health care system of different countries to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 virus in 2020 caused the introduction of quarantine restrictions by many countries, which had both positive and negative socioeconomic consequences. The economic consequences include the decrease in production and income of enterprises of almost all types of economic activity, increase in the number of unprofitable enterprises, closure and temporary suspension of small and medium-sized businesses, decline in real GDP. The economic consequences have led to the increase in intensity and manifestation of negative social consequences, including the increase in unemployment and social insecurity, scale and level of citizen poverty, decline in incomes and loss of working time. Influenced by the social and economic negative factors hindering sustainable development, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic risks in the social and labor sphere have intensified. The article suggests the methodological support for assessing the change of socioeconomic risks in the system of social and labor relations in Ukraine and the EU countries using quantitative assessment methods. The comparison of risks in the social and labor sphere of different countries allows to choose the prioritized directions of influence and effective tools to control and counteract the manifestation of risks, taking into account the experience of other countries.

The article proposes a methodology for assessing socio-economic risks and analysing perils in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and emergencies, and presents the results of its testing. The methodology allows assessing changes in labour risks by possible values of internal indicators. This makes it possible to develop scenario approaches in case of a change in quarantine restrictions or their lifting. Testing of the developed methodology for assessing socio-economic risks and analysing perils caused by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the domestic labour market and employment is based on determining changes in economic conditions of risk emergence and occurrence, direct employment risks, and assessment of socio-economic consequences of risks in case of strict quarantine measures during the 2nd quarter of 2020. A feature of the proposed scientific and methodological support for assessing socio-economic risks and analysing perils in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is taking into account the basic principles of the European system of social indicators using quantitative methods of assessing social risks in the workplace. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the introduction of the developed scientific and methodological support, and practical recommendations will promote the development of preventive measures to deal with socio-economic risks and perils in the domestic labor market and employment, to improve social protection during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to prioritise the government measures based on the risk ranking according to the occurrence, and the impact probability.

Non-traditional foods of molecular cuisine are a new category of foods and experience for consumers. The objective of this study was to conduct the structural and semantic analysis of the names of dishes of this new scientific field and avant-garde culinary practice. The main idea was to reveal the trend and trace the dynamics of naming dishes and to define the degree of reflecting the essence of molecular cuisine in the names of dishes. The study of empirical material taken from current collections of recipes and restaurant menus using a set of linguistic analysis methods has allowed authors to identify models of the syntactic organisation of nominations; characterise the primary way of connecting their components as oxymoron; highlight a number of keywords that arrange these nominations on the basis of cooking technology into several subject groups; postulate the predominance of phrase-names with transparent semantics over names with an opaque inner form including eponymous nominations; outline the ways of further studying the names of dishes of this cuisine from comparative, translational and linguistic-cognitive points of view.

The article substantiates promising areas of resource mobilisation to counter the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic оn the labour market, namely, through the involvement of the potential of digital, information and communication technologies and the introduction of innovative mechanisms into the system of social dialogue in the labour field at the national level. The conceptual basis of the research is the four-pillar policy framework for tackling the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis, developed by the International Labour Organization as a basic tool to address the risks and threats of the COVID-19 pandemic for global and national labour markets. This framework was used as a cross-cutting analytical scheme to analyse Ukrainian realities and further to structure the potential of digitalisation and social dialogue for overcoming the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Ukrainian labour market and for further post-pandemic recovery.Based on the modern platform approach, the authors propose a social innovation – a 3-element model of socially responsible partnership (SRP Platform), which allows significantly updating (or even rebooting) the system of communication and interaction between the social dialogue participants in Ukraine using the potential of modern network, information and communication technologies. Implementating such a model will contribute to the renewal of the social dialogue system in Ukraine and, thus, further effective counteraction against the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring the sustainable functioning of the Ukrainian labour market, and to the formation of an effective anti-pandemic state policy. Both the conceptual basis and general mechanism for implementing the SRP platform are (to a large extent) universal and can be adapted to renew social dialogue systems not only in Ukraine but also in other post-Soviet countries with a tripartite system.