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AbstractTwo main elements characterize a country as federal and the development of its federal system. The first one is directly connected to competences and how regions may or may not have powers over public policies. The second one focuses on the fiscal arena, and how regions generate their own income and share it with the central government. This paper describes from a historical point of view the different phases that the Spanish federal process has followed since its beginning in 1978 up to the last reform in 2016. These phases are related to the composition of both the regional and the national governments. It is therefore is important to investigate the connection between changes in these compositions and how they may have affected the phases of decentralization. Employing the new institutionalism paradigm and seeking for critical junctures in the different moments, we show how national governments are more important in shaping this process than regional ones.

University rankings are an increasingly important aspect of the world of higher education. They have become an essential component for providing transparency in universities, serving at the same time to help measure and evaluate the quality of those institutions. Rankings differ according to their objectives, target audience, content, and methodologies. In general, rankings do not include indicators relating to gender equality. There are a few exceptions that include indicators of gender balance – understood as the proportion of women and men in different academic fields – in the student body and among academic staff. The main objective of this article is to consider which indicators should be incorporated into measurements of equality in Spanish universities. The article explores the idea that measuring equality can be interpreted from two different perspectives: either as a measure equivalent to parity or as a measure equivalent to equity. The two approaches have distinct ideological and philosophical bases, and their operationalization provides different results in the classification of universities.

El adecuado uso de las fuentes informativas se ha identificado tradicionalmente como uno de los elementos más relevantes a la hora de informar sobre los asesinatos machistas. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, estos tratamientos informativos se han caracterizado por la escasez de personas expertas que ofrezcan una visión más social del hecho. Este artículo recoge los resultados de una investigación en la que se analizaron 381 informaciones publicadas en los siete principales diarios de Euskadi relativas a los feminicidios ocurridos entre los años 2015 y 2017 y se profundizó con diez entrevistas a personas responsables de medios. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que el vecindario y las familias continúan siendo la fuente informativa más habitual, por delante de las instituciones políticas y las asociaciones feministas, y las fuentes policiales y judiciales. Por su parte, los responsables de los medios de comunicación son conscientes de los peligros del uso del vecindario como fuente informativa, y reconocen las dificultades para la correcta cobertura de este tipo de informaciones derivadas de las rutinas periodísticas. ; The proper use of information sources has traditionally been identified as one of the most relevant elements when reporting on gender-based murders. However, in most cases, these informative treatments have rarely resorted to experts who offer a more social view of the event. This article collects the results of an investigation in which 381 news published in the seven main newspapers of the Basque Country regarding femicides that occurred between 2015 and 2017 were analyzed. Likewise, ten interviews were conducted with media editors. The results of the investigation show that the neighborhood and families continue to be the most common source of information, ahead of political institutions and feminist associations, and police and judicial sources. For their part, media editors are aware of the dangers of using the neighborhood as a source of information, and they recognize the difficulties for the correct coverage of this type of information derived from journalistic routines.