Suchergebnisse

The article is an extended and revised version of the report published in April 2020 in Russian: E. Puchkov, N. Knyaginina, I. Novoselov, Sz. Jankiewicz, Covid-19 and GIA-2020: strategies for conducting final exams in foreign and Russian universities // Modern Education Analytics. Express edition No. 4. April 20, 2020. URL: https://ioe.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/359132748 (15.06.2020). ; COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of all levels of education systems. Schools and universities had to quickly adapt and change their procedures according to conditions created by the epidemic. Long perceived as additional and backup solutions, different distance learning technologies, particularly internet-based, became the main solution for the continuation of education on all levels. Several issues have stood out particularly with this seismic change – one of those is the issue of final examinations in universities. This issue is especially crucial in Russia, where the successful passing of a state final examination, which combines majority of the topics from the study program, is a prerequisite for graduation. This paper aims to analyze and present different strategies which were used for final university examinations in different countries and universities of the world and compare it with the Russian practices. ; Evgenii Puchkov: epuchkov@hse.ru ; Nadezhda Knyaginina: nknyaginina@hse.ru ; Ivan Novoselov: inovoselov@hse.ru ; Szymon Jankiewicz: syankevich@hse.ru ; Evgenii Puchkov – analityk Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja), doktorant w Instytucie Edukacji Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jego zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia relacji pomiędzy polityką edukacyjną a prawodawstwem w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju, umiędzynarodowienie edukacji oraz badania porównawcze prawodawstwa edukacyjnego. ; Evgenii Puchkov – Analyst of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia, Ph.D. student in the Institute of Education of Higher School of Economics. His research interests include issues of relationship between educational policy and legislation with sustainable development, internationalization of education and comparative study of educational legislation. ; Nadezhda Knyaginina – pracownik badawczy Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji w Wyższej Szkole Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja). Posiada tytuł specjalisty w dziedzinie prawa na Wydziale Prawa Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jej zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia prawa edukacyjnego, praw językowych, polityki językowej w działalności edukacyjnej, federalizmu w edukacji, jakości edukacji, standardów edukacyjnych i regulacji zapewniania jakości edukacji. ; Nadezhda Knyaginina – Research Fellow of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscowholding Specialist Degree in Law from Faculty of Law of Higher School of Economics. Her research interests include issues of educational law, language rights, language policy in educational activities, federalism in education, quality of education, education standards and regulation of quality assurance of education. ; Ivan Novoselov – asystent badawczy Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji w Wyższej Szkole Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja). Posiada tytuł magistra prawa finansowego, podatkowego i celnego, uzyskany na Wydziale Prawa Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jego zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia z zakresu prawa edukacyjnego, finansowego i budżetowego oraz studiów porównawczych z zakresu prawa edukacyjnego i finansowego. ; Ivan Novoselov – Research Assistant of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russiaholding Master Degree in Financial, Tax and Customs Law from Faculty of Law of Higher School of Economics. His research interests include issues of educational law, financial and budgetary law and comparative studies of educational and financial legislation. ; Szymon Jankiewicz – doktor, prodziekan Wydziału Prawa, kierownik Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji w Wyższej Szkole Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja), doktor (kandydat nauk) prawa finansowego Instytutu Prawodawstwa i Prawa Porównawczego przy Rządzie Federacji Rosyjskiej oraz magister prawa finansowego, podatkowego i celnego na Wydziale Prawa Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jego zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia prawa edukacyjnego, prawa finansowego, regulacji finansowych i budżetowych działalności edukacyjnej i instytucji edukacyjnych oraz regulacji zapewniania jakości kształcenia. ; Szymon Jankiewicz – Ph.D. Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Law, Head of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia with Ph.D. (Candidate of Sciences) in Financial Law from The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation as well as Master Degree in Financial, Tax and Customs Law from Faculty of Law of Higher School of Economics. His research interests include issues of educational law, financial law, financial and budgetary regulation of educational activities and educational institutions and regulation of quality assurance of education. ; Evgenii Puchkov - Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia ; Nadezhda Knyaginina - Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia ; Ivan Novoselov - Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia ; Szymon Jankiewicz - Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia ; 7News. Coronavirus in Australia: Several universities won't record students' failed units during crisis, https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/coronavirus-in-australia-several-universities-wont-record-students-failed-units-during-crisis-c-949545. ; Bristol University. Assessment Options When Teaching Online. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/digital-education/guides/coronavirus/assessment/. ; Catholic University of Leuven. Exams 2020 General Guidelines https://admin.kuleuven.be/td/examens2020/en/general-guidelines. ; Examus, https://ru.examus.net. ; Federal Law No. 273-FZ of December 29, 2012 "On Education in the Russian Federation". ; Free University of Brussels. Back to Campus, https://www.vub.be/en/backtocampus#home. ; Harvard Crimson, Harvard Courses Turn to Monitored Exams, Open-Book Assessments, and Faith in Students As Classes Move Online, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/3/27/harvard-coronavirus-online-exams-academic-integrity/. ; Harvard Crimson. Harvard Law School Shifts to Mandatory Credit-Fail Grading System. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/3/21/harvard-coronavirus-law-school-credit-fail/. ; HSE University. Proctoring, https://elearning.hse.ru/proctoring2/. ; Interfax. Moscow State University will hold State Exams and Theses Defense Online, https://www.interfax.ru/russia/703559. ; Interfax. State Exams Were Cancelled in Several Ural Federal University Institutes, https://www.interfax-russia. ru/ural/main/gosekzameny-otmenili-v-ryade-institutov-urfu. ; ITMO University. Proctoring: How to Pass Exams Online, https://de.ifmo.ru/?node=news&id=2161. ; Izvestia. Ministry of Science and Higher Education Affirms the Right of Universities to Cancel State Exams, https://iz.ru/1000499/2020–04-16/v-minobrnauki-zaiavili-o-prave-vuzov-rossii-otkazatsia-ot-gosekzamenov. ; Kommersant. «Hands of the Student Should be Visible on the Screen»: Kommersant Learned How Exam Session Will be Handled during Quarantine, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4314144. ; Law.com. Remaining 'T-14' Law Schools Yield to Mandatory Pass/Fail Pressure https://www.law.com/2020/03/31/with-passfail-now-the-norm-outlier-law-schools-face-student-backlash/?slreturn=20200525050454. ; Law.com. With Pass/Fail Now the Norm, Outlier Law Schools Face Student Backlash, https://www.law.com/2020/03/31/with-passfail-now-the-norm-outlier-law-schools-face-student-backlash/. ; Mare. How are we going to test (and do we let Big Brother watch)? https://www.mareonline.nl/en/background/how-are-we-going-to-test-and-do-we-let-big-brother-watch/. ; Nesavisimaya Gazeta, Students have rallied against proctoring, citing privacy concerns, https://www.ng.ru/content/articles/681938/. ; Order of Ministry of Higher Education and Science of Russian Federation № 648 of 8.05.2020 "On the activities of organizations subordinated to Ministry of Higher Education and Science of Russian Federation in the context of preventing the spread of a novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the Russian Federation". ; Orgeon State University Exam Proctoring, https://ecampus.oregonstate.edu/services/proctoring. ; Oxford University. Open-Book Exams, https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/exams/open-book?wssl=1. ; Pervoe Studenheskoye Agesntvo. 700 students of HSE couldn't pass online exams due to hacker attack, https://pervoe.online/news/student-v-vuze/8642-ddos_ataka_hse/. ; Procedures of Conducting Final State Attestation in Bachelor, Spetsialist and Master Higher Education Programs (adopted by Order of Ministry of Higher Education and Science №636 of 29 June 2015). ; ProctorEdu Technology, https://proctoredu.ru. ; ProctorFree Solutions for Education, https://proctorfree.com/. ; ProctorU Services, https://www.proctoru.com/services/ ; QS. Italian Institutions Reveal Their Coronavirus Insights: An Interview Series, https://www.qs.com/italian-institutions-reveal-their-coronavirus-insights-an-interview-series. ; TASS. Financial University Cancelled State Exams Due to Coronavirus, https://tass.ru/obschestvo/8244377. ; The Guardian. Medical students take final exams online for first time, despite student concern, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/mar/22/coronavirus-forces-medical-students-sit-final-exams-online. ; The Guardian. UK students' union calls on universities to cancel summer exams, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/mar/31/uk-students-union-calls-on-universities-to-cancel-summer-exams. ; The New Paper. NUS students allegedly abuse Covid-19 measures to cheat on exam, https://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore/nus-students-allegedly-abuse-covid-19-measures-cheat-exam. ; The New York Times. With Coronavirus Disrupting College, Should Every Student Pass? https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/coronavirus-college-pass-fail.html. ; The New York Times. Keeping Online Testing Honest? Or an Orwellian Overreach? https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/10/us/online-testing-cheating-universities-coronavirus.html. ; The Verge. Exam Anxiety: How Remote Test-Proctoring Is Creeping Students Out, https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/29/21232777/examity-remote-test-proctoring-online-class-education. ; Times Higher Education. Asian universities face online assessment hurdles in virus crisis, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/asian-universities-face-online-assessment-hurdles-virus-crisis. ; University of Alberta. COVID-19 (novel Coronavirus) Information, https://www.ualberta.ca/covid-19/index.html. ; University of Bologna, Online lessons and exams, https://www.unibo.it/en/services-and-opportunities/online-services/online-services-for-students-1/lessons-and-exams-online. ; University of Houston Proctoring Services, https://uh.edu/online/students/proctoring-students.php. ; University of Stirling. COVID-19 (coronavirus) FAQs for students on assessment and exams, https://www.stir.ac.uk/coronavirus/covid-19-coronavirus-faqs-for-students-on-assessment-and-exams/. ; University of Warwick. Examinations, https://warwick.ac.uk/services/academicoffice/examinations/. ; 25 ; 4 ; 257 ; 271

The article is dedicated to the safety assessment of mixed storage of irradiated graphite and other types of radioactive waste accumulated during the operation of uranium-graphite reactors. The analysis of heat release processes inside storages containing irradiated nuclear graphite, representing a potential hazard due to the possible heating and, accordingly, the release of long-lived radionuclides during oxidation was carried out. The following factors were considered as the main factors that can lead to an increase in the temperature inside the storage facility: corrosion of metallic radioactive waste, the presence of fuel fragments, and also the random exposure of irradiated graphite to local sources of thermal energy (spark, etc.). It was noted in the work that the combined or separate influence of some factors can lead to an increase in the temperature of the onset of the initiation of Wigner energy release in graphite radwaste (Tin ≈ 90–100°C for the "Worst-case" graphite). The model of heat generation in the storage was developed based on the analysis of the features of graphite radioactive waste storage and Wigner energy release. The layered location of different types of waste (graphite and aluminum) and the local character of the distribution of heat sources were adopted in this model. The greatest heating is achieved if graphite radioactive waste is located near the concrete walls of the storage facility, as well as in direct contact with irradiated aluminum radioactive waste, which was shown in this paper.