Suchergebnisse

The paper analyzes conflicts that arose between servicemen in the units of the Russian army in Siberia during the middle and 2nd half of the 18th century. This particular aspect for the historical period under research still remains without any attention both in historical studies and in modern military conflict studies. The author set the goal of finding out, whether people of unprivileged origin, who were serving in the ranks of the regular army, have had some features of moods and behavior. These features, according to Boris Mironov and Pavel Shcherbinin, make it possible to refer such people to the "military estate" as a special group or even an institution in the social structure of the Russian Empire in the 18th century. Archival materials, such as several judicial and investigative cases, containing documents of military court proceedings of crimes (including murders) and the sentences passed on them, were used to solve this problem. In particular, the cases of the murder of a soldier by a dragoon, the murder of an officer by a soldier, as well as insults in a drunken state by an officer to a higher commander are studied. The analysis of these judicial and investigative cases leads to the conclusion that Mironov and Shcherbinin's point of view can not be confirmed. It is hardly possible to say that the servicemen of the Russian regular army in the 18th century, who did not belong to the nobility by origin, constituted the "military estate" as a special group or even an institution, having their own specific interests, moods and social behavior. Conflicts in the army units stationed in Siberia rather suggest that the same conflicts and antagonisms inevitably arose in the armed forces of the empire as among the civilian population.

The article analyzes the concept of "human dignity" in the context of philosophical and legal existence; scientific and philosophical identification of dignity as a polysemantic concept allows us to state its universal value and consider it as a universal legal and ethical category. The research work reveals the views of modern philosophers and lawyers on the nature and role of dignity in relation to human rights. The aim is to study the philosophical foundations and legal aspects of human dignity, to highlight the conceptual foundations of dialogue and the co-existence of human dignity and human rights in modern philosophical and legal discussions. The polysemy and polymorphism of human dignity is combined with a wealth of concepts of dignity, especially in modern constitutional jurisprudence and the practice of constitutionalism, and a unified theoretical basis for the relationship between individual dignity and human rights. The author used general and specific research methods, including methods of dialectics, inductive-deductive analysis, legal hermeneutics and legal engineering and a discursive approach, critical rationalism, and legal realism. Conclusions: dignity as a philosophical and legal category in modern discussions has several of the most important hypostases, reflecting the fundamental categorical meaning: a) the category of ethics and humanistic understanding of man; b) a legal category with a significant variety of legal forms of consolidation at the international, supranational and domestic levels, in the branches of legal regulation; c) a historically changeable category, affecting both the evolution of ethics and law, the legal status of individuals. The article proposes four approaches to the relationship between human rights and human dignity, which are based on four concepts of human dignity: 1) dignity as a gift and heritage; 2) dignity as a social achievement and social honor; 3) dignity as human capacity; 4) dignity as human potential.

The paper describes the current state of agent-based modeling of geographical space and spatial economic systems. We explore reasons why this approach to modeling spatial phenomena is of particular interest. Agent-based models (ABMs) allow accounting for agents' spatial heterogeneity, the existing structure of the space, locality of interactions between agents. A survey of approaches to introducing space into the models and examples of the existing spatial models is presented. There is a great variety of spatial ABMs, but they relate predominantly to the local and city level, rather than to the economy as a whole. Spatial ABMs at the level of large regions and countries are not yet sufficiently developed, but have good prospects in the future. With increasing availability of geodata and technological development in general the number of applications and coverage of spatial ABM will grow