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Numerous studies have revealed that the poor disproportionately bear the burden of environmental problems in America today. Issues range from higher levels of poisonous wastes, carbon dioxide, and ozone, to greater than normal incidences of asthma and lead poisoning. The environmental justice movement, which has emerged in working class and low-income African American and Latino communities since the early 1990s, is an effort that is reinterpreting the definition of the environment as where we live, work, and play to connect new constituencies traditionally outside of the postwar environmental

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the remarks by James Madison to Virginia's ratifying convention in June 1788 as they relate to the Electoral College. Madison's remarks in Richmond shed light on his rarely highlighted expectations of the workings of the Electoral College and provide insight into the Constitutional Convention's debate on the legislative selection of the President.

Political campaigns have borrowed from the latest in advertising, public relations, and marketing, especially since the 1952 Eisenhower campaign. There has been a tendency for those who have honed their expertise in the trenches of campaigning for elected office to offer their services on behalf of clients in the business world. Firms accustomed to working on campaigns now provide a range of services to businesses, including polling, television production, and the buying of advertisement time. Consultants assist corporations in writing op-ed columns, scheduling television interviews with business spokespeople, and placing advertisements in local markets to target the desired audience. This article addresses the shift in political consultants' working with businesses and corporations, considers specific cases of their involvement with private clients, and offers some thoughts on the blurred distinctions between private businesses, corporations, public relations, the campaigns of elected officials, and political consultants.

Describes growing trend to provide services to corporate clients in the areas of business-oriented advertising, lobbying, and government relations; some focus on the Health Insurance Association of America's (HIAA) 1993 campaign against the Clinton administration health care plan and consultants' role in the 1996 presidential election.

The "peace and justice movement" has been an important chapter in the evolving character of overall peace organizing in the last several decades. Combining social justice concerns with antimilitarist sentiment, the peace and justice movement was particularly strong in the American South during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Leaders were found in a variety of community groups, statewide networks and clearinghouses, and religious organizations. This article explores the dimensions of the peace and justice movement and describes the activities of such groups as the Institute for Southern Studies, the Clergy and Laity Concerned, the Southeast Network on Human Needs and Peace, the Southern Organizing Committee for Economic and Social Justice, and the Gulf Coast Tenants Organization.

Discusses how the environmental justice movement frames problems using the examples of the Gulf Coast Tenants Organization (GCTO) & the Southwest Organizing Project (SWOP). The movement is comprised of hundreds of community groups, largely low-income & minority, who fight against toxic exposure. Many (eg, tenants associations, civil & welfare rights groups, labor unions) have little experience with environmental organizing & frame issues in terms of racism & justice (eg, the unequal distribution of hazards). The GCTO works with African-American communities along the Mississippi River between New Orleans & Baton Rouge, an area known as Cancer Alley & home to 130+ petrochemical facilities. The GCTO has successfully framed the area's serious environmental problems in terms of the area's longer history of racial inequality (eg, the plantation system), in terms of health & quality of life, & in religious terms. SWOP works in working-class NM barrios, taking on the semiconductor industry & framing environmentalism in terms of wider social, political, & economic injustice. It approaches air & water contamination as community & health issues, & housing & nutrition as environmental issues. Implications for broader community organizing & political mobilization are discussed. 30 References. E. Blackwell