Suchergebnisse

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę działań Ministerstwa Propagandy i Oświecenia Publicznego III Rzeszy w pierwszym półroczu 1933 roku, a więc w pierwszym okresie sprawowania władzy przez NSDAP. Jako materiał badawczy posłużyły dzienniki Josepha Goebbelsa. We wstępie przygotowano politologiczną analizę systemu totalitarnego z uwzględnieniem propagandy. Następnie opisano proces tworzenia ministerstwa, metody działań podczas kampanii wyborczej, sposoby manipulowania wyborcami. Scharakteryzowane zostały również relacje Goebbelsa z Hitlerem i wpływ ideologii narodowosocjalistycznej na środki masowego przekazu.

OBJECTIVES: Examining the availability of essential medicines is a necessary step to monitor country-level progress towards universal health coverage. We compared the 2017 essential medicine lists (EML) of 137 countries to the WHO Model List to assess differences by drug class and country setting. METHODS: We extracted all medicines prioritised at country level from most recently available national EMLs and compared each national EML with the 2017 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (MLEM) as the reference standard. We assess EMLs by WHO region and for different types of medicine subgroups (eg, cancer, anti-infectives, cardiac, psychiatric and anaesthesia medicines) using within second-level anatomical therapeutic class (ATC) drug classes of the ATC Index. RESULTS: We included 406 medicines from WHO's 2017 MLEM to compare to 137 concurrent national EMLs. We found a median of 315 (range from 44 to 983) medicines listed on national EMLs. The global median F1 score was 0.59 (IQR 0.47–0.70, maximum possible score indicating alignment with MLEM is 1). The F1 score was the highest (ie, most similar to MLEM) in the South-East Asia region and the lowest in the European region (ie, most dissimilar to MLEM). The F1 score was highest for stomatological preparations (median: 1.00), gynaecological—anti-infectives and antiseptics (median: 1.00), and medicated dressings (median: 1.00), and lowest for 9 anatomical or pharmacological groups (median: 0.00, eg, treatments for bone diseases, digestive enzymes). CONCLUSIONS: Most countries are expected to improve their national health coverage by 2030 offering access to essential medicines, but our results revealed substantial gaps in selection of medicines at the national level compared with those recommended by WHO. It is crucial that governments consider investing in those effective medicines that are now neglected and continue monitoring progress towards essential medicine access as part of universal health coverage.