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ABSTRACT: Convergence is considered a fundamental economic mechanism and a necessary condition for achieving industrial development and market integration as well as socio-economic cohesion in the Southern African Development (SADC) region. The former is the explicit objective of the SADC, as formulated in its Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP). "[A] key priority under this pillar will be ensuring macroeconomic convergence, increased cooperation, and investment". Despite convergence being a crucial ingredient for the proposed integration in the region, there has been limited research on the subject in Africa, particularly, SADC. To bridge this gap, this study sought to investigate per capita income convergence or lack thereof, in the SADC region over the period 1980 to 2017. To this end, we employed the approach proposed by Phillips and Sul (2008), which not only tests for overall convergence but for the possibility of multiple equilibria as well. Relative to the conventional approaches, this approach is superior in many respects. For instance, this technique requires no prior knowledge about possible convergence clusters, that is, the clusters are endogenously determined. Moreover, it imposes no restraints regarding trend stationarity or stochastic non-stationarity. Consequently, our findings are immune from the inefficiencies linked to unit roots or cointegration tests. The findings of the study suggested no overall convergence in the SADC region, but evidence supporting the existence of five convergence clubs, with each cluster converging to its steady-state equilibrium, and one divergent country, Angola. The first club consisted of only the high-income countries in the region, Seychelles, and Mauritius. The second convergence club had two members as well, South Africa and Botswana, whereas the third club consisted of the Kingdom of Eswatini and Namibia. In the fourth club, the identified members are Comoros, which is not included in the previous study because it was recently admitted into the bloc, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, while in the fifth club, the members are the Democratic Republic of Congo and Madagascar. The findings of this study have in-depth implications for the development policies in the SADC region. These findings suggest that the region should consider adopting and implementing policies that would explicitly target low-income countries to promote convergence, and thus, create a conducive environment for the proposed monetary union in the SADC bloc.

Whether to increase taxes or cut spending is an important question with profound policy implications, especially as countries attempt to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between revenues and spending in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), where concerns about rising debt and deficits were raised prior to the pandemic. A panel bootstrap Granger-causality technique was used to analyze annual frequency data covering the 1980–2018 period. To our best knowledge, this was the first study in Africa to simultaneously account for cross-country differences and cross-section dependence. The findings of the study have in-depth implications for fiscal policy and adjustments towards budgetary equilibria. The study found no evidence of causality between revenues and spending in eleven SADC member states, suggesting that to balance their respective budgets, governments in these countries can alter either spending or revenues, or both. However, in Botswana, we found evidence of the tax-spend hypothesis, implying that governments should consider altering revenues to eliminate budget imbalances. Finally, evidence of the spend-tax hypothesis was found in Mauritius and Mozambique, suggesting that past and current expenditures drive revenues in these countries. Accordingly, cutting spending would be an ideal policy recourse to deal with budgetary disequilibrium.

Whether to increase taxes or cut spending is an important question with profound policy implications, especially as countries attempt to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between revenues and spending in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), where concerns about rising debt and deficits were raised prior to the pandemic. A panel bootstrap Granger-causality technique was used to analyze annual frequency data covering the 1980–2018 period. To our best knowledge, this was the first study in Africa to simultaneously account for cross-country differences and cross-section dependence. The findings of the study have in-depth implications for fiscal policy and adjustments towards budgetary equilibria. The study found no evidence of causality between revenues and spending in eleven SADC member states, suggesting that to balance their respective budgets, governments in these countries can alter either spending or revenues, or both. However, in Botswana, we found evidence of the tax-spend hypothesis, implying that governments should consider altering revenues to eliminate budget imbalances. Finally, evidence of the spend-tax hypothesis was found in Mauritius and Mozambique, suggesting that past and current expenditures drive revenues in these countries. Accordingly, cutting spending would be an ideal policy recourse to deal with budgetary disequilibrium.

One -- Patrick Suppes A Self Profile -- Two -- Suppes' Philosophy of Physics -- Suppes' Contributions to the Theory of Measurement -- Suppes on Probability, Utility, and Decision Theory -- Suppes' Contribution to Logic and Linguistic -- Suppes' Work in the Foundations of Psychology -- Suppes' Contribution to Education -- Patrick Suppes Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Patrick Suppes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

« J'avais dix-sept ans et il ne me restait plus qu'à devenir un écrivain français. »

Patrick Casey reflected on his experience serving as a member of the 104th Regiment New York Volunteer Infantry in his autobiography. His chronological detail of events begins with the date of his enlistment in Whitehall Washington County, N. Y. on January 26, 1862 and had originally been meant to continue until the now-unknown time in which Casey had been presently writing; unfortunately, his manuscript abruptly ends 8 months into the narrative on September 15, 1862, mid-sentence, indicating a portion of text is missing. The surviving autobiography, however, reveals a precise account of Casey�s travels from Washington County, N. Y., Alexandria, V. A., to South Mountain, M. D., as he also meticulously recorded the many destinations throughout his journey and the distance between each. With each relocation, Casey stated the date and offered a brief description of the tasks or events that had taken place�for instance, he detailed several occurrences of having come into contact with Confederate soldiers in Virginia. Most notably, he recounted his successful involvement in the Battle of Cedar Mountain, August 09, 1862. Casey�s autobiography effectively revealed the methodical and strategic insight of Union soldiers participating in combat. This manuscript is transcribed true to text, meaning all grammatical errors and misspellings replicate Casey�s original writing.