Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the 1990s the Mexican peasants witnessed the introduction of a new Agrarian Law and the implementation of the land regularization programme, PROCEDE. In this article it is demonstrated that the privatization of previously communally held ejido land did not lead to the promised dynamic land market, nor to an increase in agricultural productivity. On the basis of an in–depth study of land tenure practices in the ejido La Canoa in Western Mexico, it is shown that the changes of 1992 did not address the main problems of peasant agriculture. The new Agrarian Law legalized practices which, although illegal, had already become quite common in ejidos throughout Mexico. In addition, it is argued that legal security does not necessarily reside in official registration by the state, but can also be based on local recognition of land rights. The main argument of the article is that property consists of complex sets of claims, rights and obligations that cannot be manipulated by forms of state intervention that reduce land tenure predicaments to technical problems.

ABSTRACTThis contribution looks at land property relations in a peasant community in the central highlands of Peru. Rather than using a rights‐based approach, the authors propose a 'practice force field approach' for their analysis of property relations under communal land tenure regimes. Their study combines qualitative ethnographic case studies with quantitative analysis of data on land distribution. In contrast to rights‐based approaches, this perspective understands the legal discourses that people draw upon to explain property relations as 'justifying rule talk' rather than the reflection of a system of property rights. It is shown how property relations are shaped in mediated interactive processes, where official rules, moral principles, shared histories and strategic games come together. The authors use this practice force field approach to study Usibamba, an Andean community that has developed a true disciplinary regime of communal governance based on control over land. The role of 'rule talk' and the function of elaborate local systems of land registration are examined in the context of the annual reallocation of communal land. Particular attention is paid to the performance of the president of the comunidad during this delicate process and his reflections on the course of events.

This article looks at some methodological issues that confront development research when local institutions are studied. It considers ways of formulating working concepts that are useful for obtaining information on institutions and their dynamic processes in relation to the economic activities of rural households. It presents and evaluates some quantitative and qualitative methods on the basis of case studies in Mexico and India and considers the scope and limitations of these. The conclusion is that a flexible, multidisciplinary conceptual and methodological framework is needed to understand the dynamics of institutional processes, from established rules and norms to people's organizing practices. It is stressed that policy-oriented research has to focus on specific objectives, such as i

En este artículo se examinan algunas cuestiones metodológicas que enfrenta la investigación sobre el desarrollo al estudiar las instituciones locales y sus procesos dinámicos en relación con las actividades económicas de los hogares rurales. Se presentan y evalúan algunos métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos sobre la base de estudios de casos en México y la India, así como sus alcances y limitaciones. Se subraya que la investigación relacionada con la formulación de políticas debe estar enfocada a objetivos específicos, como son los arreglos institucionales que pueden dar apoyo a los grupos más pobres y la manera como estos pueden movilizarse para transformar las instituciones. (Rev CEPAL/DÜI)

Intro -- Table of contents -- Introduction: Encountering and Engaging Monique Nuijten -- Bram Büscher, Michiel Köhne, Elisabet Dueholm Rasch and Oscar Salemink -- Part 1: Theoretical encounters -- 1. Capturing law: Monique Nuijten's contribution to the study of plural legal ordering -- Keebet von Benda-Beckmann -- 2. Organizing practices, property, and social movements: an impressive contribution to sociology of development, political and legal anthropology -- Dik Roth -- 3. A conversation with Monique Nuijten -- Gavin Smith

Este artigo mostra como os regimes de ordenação espacial são produzidos pela junção de três forças: neoliberalismo, políticas de esquerda e visões modernistas. Ele focaliza o PROMETRÓPOLE, um programa de urbanização em Recife. Nesse programa, a dimensão neoliberal é manifesta na ideia de que o Estado, as empresas privadas e os cidadãos são responsáveis conjuntamente pela construção do espaço urbano. Além disso, espera-se que os beneficiários sejam cidadãos autônomos, assumindo a responsabilidade por seu novo ambiente. A dimensão política de esquerda promove, através de procedimentos participativos, o envolvimento dos moradores no projeto. A adoção de uma estética modernista exige que os moradores usem o espaço segundo os padrões da "civilização moderna". No entanto, a pesquisa mostra que esse regime destoa dos modos de vida da população. Além disso, os procedimentos participativos fracassam na atribuição de qualquer influência real sobre os moradores. No final, os residentes reconstroem drasticamente seus novos conjuntos habitacionais, reapropriando-se do espaço urbano e contestando o regime que lhes foi imposto.