Suchergebnisse

Attention to school violence in Indonesia has expanded through which several laws and policies were produced, especially on children's rights protection. While these legal aspects have been widely developed, studies on their frameworks have been rarely conducted. The current study examines whether the acts or regulations, the governmental policy, and the agency roles are considered adequate in framing school violence. Through the documentary analysis of the laws and the policies, this study reveals that the Indonesian laws are likely to be oriented to respond to a global need for children's safety and to build national trust in children's protection. While the regulations from the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, and the Ministry of Health generally emphasize to protect and rehabilitate violence victims, the regulation from the Ministry of Education and Culture tends to establish both preventive and rehabilitative actions. Additionally, the Indonesian Child Protection Commission is placed as the only governmental agency to monitor and to review the fulfillment of children's rights. However, the future need of any other agencies to assist Indonesian schools should not only resolve school violence but also sustain school peace. Implications for practices and future policy research are reviewed.

The purpose of this paper is to find the relationship between public expenditure in the educational sector and the economic growth in Indonesia since the government decided to spend 20% of the state budget on education. We used time series data from 1988 to 2018 and the Cobb–Douglas production function as an economic theory for measurement. In the methodology, we employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound tests to find the relationship between variables. The results show that public expenditure on education has an insignificant relationship in the long- and short-term estimation. However, they both have different directions, which is a positive relationship in long-term and a negative relationship in short-term estimation. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation shows a positive relationship, and the labour variable has a negative relationship in the short and long terms. In conclusion, the Indonesian government should manage the education system regarding the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth.