Suchergebnisse

Nach Ansicht der Verfasserin ist der Konflikt in Tschetschenien nicht als innerrussischer Verfassungskonflikt anzusehen, da die tschetschenische Unabhängigkeitserklärung vor der Verabschiedung der russischen Verfassung erfolgte. Tschetschenien besitzt daher alle Voraussetzungen für eine de-facto-Unabhängigkeit. Die Tschetschenienfrage ist insofern eine Angelegenheit des internationalen Rechts. Indem die OSZE der territorialen Einheit Rußlands den Vorrang vor der Selbstbestimmung des tschetschenischen Volkes einräumt, widerspricht sie nach Ansicht der Autorin ihren eigenen Prinzipien. (BIOst-Mrk)

There is a growing interest in the Arctic natural resources that have a strong influence on the local economics. The Arctic economy is a rather unique phenomenon encompassing Indigenous practices, local economic activities, and industrial development. Indigenous economies vary across the Arctic states and exhibit divergent economic mixtures. In globalizing societies and full market economies, traditional Indigenous economies are changing and perceived especially by the non-Indigenous to be a tribute to old customs rather than a way of life that is being followed by the young generation. However, certain groups of contemporary Indigenous populations in the Arctic continue to preserve their culture and ensure the continuation of Indigenous ways of life. The development of Indigenous communities is closely linked to their economic well/being, on the other hand, and their culture and traditions on the other. Our article contributes to the discussion of the significance of Indigenous economies in providing sustainability in terms of Indigenous communities, their culture and traditions. The research objective is to identify strategies and tools that sustain Indigenous economies as well as the goals of various stakeholders in encouraging and supporting the traditional economic activities of Indigenous peoples. We contrast three countries - Russia, Finland and the United States (Alaska) - and discuss some governmental strategies that can be employed for preserving unique Indigenous economies. The research methods consist of a content analysis of state and regional legislation and strategies, social studies of stakeholders' opinion, case studies describing market infrastructure, and economic activities as well as features of traditional lifestyles and Indigenous knowledge typical of these regions ; There is a growing global interest in Arctic natural resources that have a strong influence on the localeconomies. The Arctic economy is a rather unique phenomenon encompassing Indigenous practices, localeconomic activities, and industrial development. Indigenous economies vary across the Arctic states andexhibit divergent economic mixtures. In globalizingsocieties and full market economies, traditionalIndigenous economies are changing and perceived especially by the non-Indigenous to be a tribute to oldcustoms rather than a way of life that is being followed by the young generation. However, certain groupsof the contemporary Indigenous populations in the Arctic continue to preserve their culture and ensure thecontinuation of Indigenous ways of life.The development of Indigenous communities is closely linked to theireconomic well-being, on the one hand, and to their culture and traditions, on the other. Our article contributesto the discussion on the significance of Indigenouseconomies in providing sustainability in terms ofIndigenous communities, their culture, and traditions. The research objective is to identify strategies andtools that sustain Indigenous economies as well as the goals of various stakeholders in encouraging andsupporting the traditional economic activities of Indigenous peoples. We contrast three countries—Russia,Finland, and the United States (Alaska)—and discuss some governmental strategies that can be employed forpreserving unique Indigenous economies. The research methods consist of a content analysis of state andregional legislation and strategies, social studies of stakeholders'opinions, case studies describing marketinfrastructure, and economic activities as well as features of traditional lifestyles and Indigenous knowledgetypical of these regions.

Reindeer herding is both a traditional livelihood and business. Reindeer herding in the Nordic countries has been able to keep remote northern areas inhabited and maintained indigenous cultures. Reindeer herders have also been able to adapt to new circumstances, and a lot of them have invested in value-adding production or secondary occupations, such as tourism. The main challenge for reindeer herding is loss for pastures, which are used as commons, for other industries and infrastructure projects. The most recent competitor for land use is the growing investments on renewable energy production of windmill farms, which disturbs especially reindeer calving. In this article, we study the rights and opportunities of reindeer herders in participating in decision making on land use for infrastructure projects in general and windmill projects specifically. We focus on the situation in Finland, but also use examples of reported land use conflicts (between reindeer herders and windmill farms) from other Nordic countries. The aim of the article is to find out how reindeer herders experience their opportunities for participating in decision-making and how decision-makers understand their opinions. There is national legislation on participation in land use, as well as an increasing amount of international conventions to protect the environment and rights of local, especially indigenous populations. This international law has affected on Finnish national legislation and the constitution, which requires people with indigenous livelihoods be consulted before infrastructure projects get started. We focus on the rules and regulations in connection with windmill farms. Windmill farms are especially interesting, since renewable energy is now preferred as safer and greener energy. ; Reindeer herding is both a traditional livelihood and a business still practiced in the northern parts of Eurasia. In the Nordic countries, reindeer herding has contributed to keeping remote northern areas inhabited while maintaining Indigenous cultures. Reindeer herders have also been able to adapt to new circumstances, and many of them have invested in value-adding production or secondary occupations, such as tourism. The main challenge for reindeer herding is the loss of pastures to other industries and infrastructure projects. The growing investment in wind farms—which not only compete for the same land with reindeer herding but may also disturb the herding practices—has emerged as a recent competitor to reindeer herding in the context of land use. In this article, we study the rights and opportunities of reindeer herders to participate in decision making on land use for infrastructure projects in general and wind farm projects in particular. Our focus is on the situation in Finland, but we also use examples of reported land use conflicts between reindeer herders and wind farms from other Nordic countries. The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to find out how the rights of reindeer herders in planning and making decisions on wind farms are regulated and, on the other hand, how these rights function in practice. In addition to national legislation on participation in land use, there exists a growing number of international conventions to protect the environment and the rights of Indigenous people. Wind farms are particularly interesting in that renewable energy is now internationally preferred and subsidized as "green energy" in the fight against climate change. The challenge remains how to protect traditional livelihoods and human rights while targeting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Key Features:This book expands the concepts of open innovation from idea and intellectual property markets and open source communities to novel innovation and business practices in more traditional industriesIn this book, we discuss why some actors succeed better in open and networked innovation than othersThis book combines innovation, business, legal and network management perspectives in a manner practical for business in real life.

Two systems working in parallel have contributed to implementation difficulties in Swedish water governance. While the old system is designed to be predictable and stable over time, the new system is intended to be transparent and holistic, guided by the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management. The paper disentangles the challenges in Swedish water governance and proposes a blueprint for future research. The proposed research project is unique in the sense that it explores the imbalances between the new and the old water governance systems from a multi-disciplinary perspective, elaborating upon the clashes between the traditional, nationally based regulatory system and the new holistic water governance system from legal, political and economic perspectives.