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Although much of the support for the actor-observer causal attribution hypothesis comes from behavior description studies, the difference between behavior description and causal attribution has been neglected in actor-observer research. Behavior descriptions (e.g., trait ratings) are
affected by the size and complexity of one's cognitive schemata about the person being described, which may be unrelated to causal attributions. To test this possibility, pairs of subjects engaged in a brief conversation and then made either trait ratings or causal attributions about
their own or the other person's behavior. Although observers made more extreme trait ratings than did actors (supporting the schema complexity notion), observers also made stronger external causal attributions than did actors (contradicting the actor-observer hypothesis). It is concluded
that actor-observer differences in descriptions of behavior do not necessarily reflect differences in causal perceptions.

This study attempted to find support for the controversial complementarity hypothesis by using more specialized measures than have been used in previous research. One hundred seventy-six musicians from 40 bar bands were interviewed in the venue where they were performing. A significant inverted-U relationship was found between interpersonal dominance and group integration, indicating support for personality complementarity. However, there were no significant effects for desire for control over the band's activities or for individual attraction to the group. These findings confirm the importance of distinguishing between different forms of power motivation in groups and between different forms of group cohesion. Complementarity research shouldfocus on interpersonal relationships rather than on control over activities and individual attraction.

Low rating-behavior, self-peer, and peer-peer correlations have been a concern to personality researchers, especially because they could be an indication that behavior is inconsistent. The possibility that individuals simply interpret behavior differently, which would prevent strong
correlations, has been neglected. In this study the amount of variation in a large group of subjects' judgments of the same behavior was examined. Subjects observed target persons on videotape and rated both the targets and themselves on five dimensions. For three dimensions there was
significantly more variance in the group's target ratings than in the group's self-ratings. There were no significant differences on two other dimensions. This considerable variation in perceptions of the same behavior suggests that low personality correlations should not be considered
indications that behavior is inconsistent. Differences in the interpretation of behavior may also be a reason why aggregation increases personality correlations. The relationship between self-rated personality and perceptions of the targets was also examined.

The efficacy of a mobile application to increase connectedness to nature and impart flora/fauna/ecological knowledge was assessed in 747 children in three separate and distinctive parks: a wetland, a prairie grassland, and an indoor tropical garden. The mobile application was developed with place-based education in mind. At each park, children were randomly assigned to one of three groups. One group of children toured the park using an application on a mobile device with their chaperones, another group toured the park with an environmental educator and their chaperones, and a third group toured the parks with a paper map and their chaperones. Results showed that the mobile application was just as effective at connecting children to nature as more traditional ways of non-formal environmental education, but the mobile application offered additional benefits such as higher ratings of fun.