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In this article we highlight how linguistic prejudice and discrimination towards non-standard varieties of a language can have real life effects not only on individuals but on the social and economic progress of countries. We argue that such is the case with the popular varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, especially in educational contexts. We analyse the most common educational measure to deal with language variation in a non-discriminatory way: the theory of differences and the proposal of bidialectalism. We argue that these measures are ineffectual since they are based on naïve conclusions of sociolinguistic studies which propose that linguistic prejudice can be combatted via a 'principle of error correction' (LEWIS, 2018)whereby the focus is on changing beliefs of individuals. We argue that it is more important to analyse the political, historical and social factors which sustain and reinforce such beliefs and the material structures which endorse and promote them. We therefore examine linguistic prejudice within the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu (1973, 1977, 1986, 1991) and define it as a form of symbolic violence. We maintain that conceiving linguistic prejudice and discrimination in this way (a) makes it clear that linguistic prejudice is intimately related to other prejudices and (b) it offers new insights on how to combat this type of prejudice and discrimination more effectively.

The Copenhagen School's comprehensive security framework places societal identity firmly on the security agenda. Using academic literature, this article explores migration's affect on societal security and how it can destabilise societal identity, with particular focus on its impact in the European Union (EU). The paper argues that although EU migration control has successfully bolstered border security, it has done so at the expense of migrant rights, including those new EU citizens from 2004's expansion. A rights-based identity is essential to balance the EU's migration control activities, which should be achieved by securitising its identity dialogue within a security rights nexus. Adapted from the source document.

The formal, authoritarian organization of people with similar occupations or interests has been a feature of Japanese society throughout its history. As such, it must be of interest for its own sake and, no less perhaps, for the indications it can provide of the nature of Japanese society as a whole.