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Health economics has become an established field of enquiry over recent years and is now an important contributor to normative health policy, and decisions concerning the allocation of resources and the quality of healthcare provision across the world.Medical Economics, written by two physicians who are also qualified economists, introduces readers to the core economic considerations in healthcare provision and management. Addressing concerns that are relevant to both the individual and to public health, the authors draw on a wider range of economic tools and analytical frameworks than typically offered by standard textbooks. Combining thought experiments with real-world examples they illustrate the healthcare challenges facing today's policy-makers.The book is aimed specifically at courses in medicine, public health, and healthcare management and administration, but also at economists looking for a broader perspective on healthcare systems, including healthcare financing, markets, the role of the state and other macroeconomic considerations, evaluation methods, healthcare technology, paying for medical care, health insurance and ethical issues.

Written by two medics, who are also qualified economists, this introduction to health economics draws on a wider range of economic thinking than that normally underpinning health policy to explore how economics can best contribute to improved health care.

Governance in health is cited as one of the key factors in balancing the concerns of the government and public sector with the interests of civil society/private players, but often remains poorly described and operationalized. Richard Saltman and Antonio Duran look at two aspects in the search for new provider models in a context of health markets signalling liberalisation: (i) the role of the government to balance public and private interests and responsibilities in delivering care through modernised governance arrangements, and (ii) the finding that operational complexities may hinder well–designed provider governance models, unless governance reflects country-specific realities. This commentary builds on the discussion by Saltman and Duran, and argues that the concept of governance needs to be clearly defined and operationalized in order to be helpful for policy debate as well as for the development of an applicable framework for performance improvement. It provides a working definition of governance and includes a reflection on the prevailing cultural norms in an organization or society upon which any governance needs to be build. It proposes to explore whether the "evidence-based governance" concept can be introduced to generate knowledge about innovative and effective governance models, and concludes that studies similar to the one by Saltman and Duran can inform this debate.

Healthcare reforms are often not coupled with a relevant and appropriate monitoring framework, leaving policymakers and the public without evidence about the implications of such reforms. Kazakhstan has embarked on a large-scale reform of its healthcare system in order to achieve Universal Health Coverage. The health-related 2020 Strategic Development Goals reflect this political ambition. In a case-study approach and on the basis of published and unpublished evidence as well as personal involvement and experience (A) the indicators in the 2020 Strategic Development Goals were assessed and (B) a 'data-mapping' exercise was conducted, where the WHO health system framework was used to describe the data available at present in Kazakhstan and comment on the different indicators regarding their usefulness for monitoring the current health-related 2020 Strategic Development Goals in Kazakhstan. It was concluded that the country's current monitoring framework needs further development to track the progress and outcomes of policy implementation. The application of a modified WHO/World Bank/Global Fund health system monitoring framework was suggested to examine the implications of recent health sector reforms. Lessons drawn from the Kazakhstan experience on tailoring the suggested framework, collecting the data, and using the generated intelligence in policy development and decision-making can serve as a useful example for other middle-income countries, potentially enabling them to fast-track developments in the health sector.

Germany's health care system takes care of around 82 million people and is built on the principles of solidarityand equity. At the same time, it is a large and attractive market. It's long history and ever more detailed regulation,however, make it difficult to understand the system and to enter the market.The recent Corona crisis has shown hat the German health care system is robust, resilient, and flexible to cope evenwith unprecedented situations.This book, written by scientists and practitioners from different professional backgrounds, is intended to providea swift, yet comprehensive, up-to-date, and authoritative introduction into how health care is delivered, financed,and governed in Germany.We have included all major changes and reforms up until September 2020.

[Vorwort der Herausgeberinnen:] Mit dieser Veröffentlichung starten wir unsere Schriftenreihe des KCV KompetenzCentrum für angewandte Volkswirtschaftslehre der FOM Hochschule. (.) Unser erster Band der KCV Schriftenreihe widmet sich der Corona-Krise. Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bands, die größtenteils kooptierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler des KCV sind, beleuchten die Krise aus ganz unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln. Im ersten Abschnitt werden einige grundlegende volkswirtschaftliche Modelle herangezogen, die den Verlauf der Krise - auf kurze, mittlere und lange Frist - modellieren. Der zweite Abschnitt beschäftigt sich mit der Wirtschaftspolitik, umschreibt die getroffenen fiskal- und geldpolitischen Maßnahmen und hinterfragt diese kritisch. In Abschnitt III werden die Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf ausgewählte Märkte untersucht. Hierbei stehen besonders betroffene Branchen wie der Tourismus und der Profisport, international vernetzte Industrien und der Arbeitsmarkt im Fokus - aber auch der im Alltag zu beobachtende Engpass an Toilettenpapier wird hier aufgegriffen. Der Band schließt mit einem vierten Abschnitt, der die Corona-Pandemie aus institutionen- und verhaltensökonomischer Sicht näher beleuchtet. Neben dem Anlageverhalten auf den Finanzmärkten und gesundheitsökonomischen Aspekten wird hier auch die Politik der staatlichen Kontaktbeschränkungen aus spieltheoretischer Sicht thematisiert. Die Corona-Pandemie, als eine der größten menschlichen und wirtschaftlichen Krisen unserer Zeit, bietet somit gerade aus ihrer Einzigartigkeit heraus auch eine Möglichkeit, menschliches Entscheidungsverhalten aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht zu erfassen und besser zu verstehen. Wir hoffen, mit diesem Band einen kleinen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis dieser Krise in all ihren Facetten zu leisten und wünschen Ihnen eine anregende Lektüre!