Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The efficiency of channels of monetary transmission varies from country to country and is conditioned by a number of factors that determine the economic and financial system of a country. In order to achieve the set monetary policy objectives, а central bank takes certain measures and employs instruments of monetary policy. Those instruments, however, act indirectly and with a certain lag. Due to these limitations in monetary policy effects, the analysis of the monetary transmission is of essence in every country as it enables its designers to determine an optimum monetary regime. In this paper, an analysis of monetary transmission in the Republic of Serbia is made using the Vector autoregressive model (VAR model). The research conducted is significant due to a current issue of the impact of monetary policy on actual economic trends, both in the developed and developing countries. On the basis of the research it is concluded that, in the time period under observation, the biggest impact on the fluctuations in industrial production in Serbia is that of monetary aggregate, whereas the biggest impact on the fluctuation in prices is that of key policy rate movements. The results of the analysis provide guidelines to monetary authorities to take necessary steps to shorten a lag period and eliminate restrictions in transmitting monetary impulses into real economic values.

In every society there are individuals or organized groups who openly or covertly violate social norms that prescribe what behavior patterns. The danger of such actions is reflected in the presence of negative tendencies in the field of further social disorganization. It is known that often the criminality of juveniles become known only when it is necessary to apply repressive sanctions that include a number of limitations. Given the fact that the sentence was dominated as a criminal sanction social reaction to crime youth was purely punitive character. There for, the same types of punsihment are applied on juveniles with certain restrictions relating to the lenient punishment and much more liberal regime of imprisonment. In such a situation society failed to achieve a more serious influence on the improvement of the status of minors and their full integration into their courses. Further development of the social and legal awareness contributed to the discovery of new forms of no / penal response. In this regard, diversion measures represent the first and right step on the road to improving juvenile offenders committed offenses in particular the fulfillment of certain conditions. The overall trends of harmonization of domestic legislation with comparative and international and regional, mostly European instruments, countries of ex-Yugoslavia incorporated in their legislation for the imposition of diversionary measures. Taking into account the planned scope of work the authors have chosen Croatia and Serbia, which are each in their own way, first spelled out, and then with great difficulty started with sporadic use of diversionary measures. ; U svakom društvu postoje pojedinci ili organizovane grupe koje otvoreno ili prikriveno krše društvene norme kojima se unapred propisuju obrasci ponašanja. Opasnost od ovakvih postupaka ogleda se u prisustvu negativnih tendencija na polju dalje društvene dezorganizacije. Poznato je da se neretko za kriminalitet maloletnika sazna tek onda kada je neophodno primeniti represivnije sankcije koje sadrže brojna ograničenja. S obzirom na činjenicu da je kazna dominirala kao krivična sankcija reakcija društva na kriminalitet mladih bila je isključivo punitivnog karaktera. Otuda se na maloletnike primenjuju istovrsne kazne uz određena ograničenja koja se tiču blažeg kažnjavanja i znatno liberalnijeg režima izvršenja kazne zatvora. U takvoj situaciji društvo nije ostvarilo ozbiljniji uticaj na poboljšanje statusa maloletnika i njihovu punu integraciju u svoje tokove. Dalji razvoj društvene i pravne svesti uticao je na pronalaženje novih formi ne/penalnog reagovanja. U tom pogledu, diverzione mere predstavljaju prvi i pravi korak na putu popravljanja maloletnih delinkvenata za konkretno učinjena krivična dela uz ispunjenje određenih uslova. U sklopu opštih tendencija usaglašavanja unutrašnjeg sa uporednim zakonodavstvom i međunarodnim i regionalnim, pretežno evropskim instrumentima, države ex Jugoslavije ugradile su u svoja zakonodavstva mogućnost izricanja diverzionih mera. Vodeći računa o planiranom obimu rada autori su odabrali Hrvatsku i Srbiju koje su svaka na svoj način, najpre propisale, a onda uz velike poteškoće otpočele sa sporadičnom primenom diverzionih mera.

AbstractThis study employed piecewise growth curve modeling to examine how children's executive function (EF) skills relate to different components of children's physiological response trajectory – initial arousal, reactivity, and recovery. The sample included 102 ethnically diverse kindergarteners, whose EF skills were measured using standard tasks and observer ratings. Physiological response was measured via changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to a laboratory socio‐cognitive challenge. Children's cool and hot EF skills were differentially related to both linear and quadratic components of RSA response during the challenge. Greater hot EF skills and assessor report of EF skills during laboratory visit were related to quicker RSA recovery after the challenge. These findings demonstrate that children's physiological response is a dynamic process that encompasses physiological recovery and relates to children's self‐regulation abilities.

The current study employed latent difference score modeling to test whether acculturation processes at the level of the individual (i.e., self-construal) and family (i.e., family cultural conflict and family cohesion) explain variability of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in 181 (58% female) first-generation (1G) and 135 (59.3% female) second-generation (2G) Asian American emerging adult college students (ages 18–23). Acculturation processes across individual and family levels related meaningfully to individual differences in stress physiology. For 1G participants, attenuated CAR was associated with higher individualistic self-construal, family cultural conflict, and family cohesion, which may indicate desensitization of the stress response system due to the chronic burden of acculturation pressures. These processes may differ by generational status, as heightened CAR was associated with higher collectivistic self-construal in 1G students, but higher individualistic self-construal in both 2G males and a comparison sample of European American males.

AbstractUsing piecewise growth curve trajectory modeling, we investigated kindergartners' physiological responses to receiving critical feedback from an adult during a laboratory drawing task. Further, we tested how children's independent self‐regulated behavior, as well as the quality of parent‐child co‐regulation, related to physiological reactivity to and recovery from this challenge. We used respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) to measure parasympathetic nervous system activity. Participants were 96 children (Mage = 5.6 years, 56% female) and their parents. We used observer ratings to capture children's self‐regulated behavior during the laboratory visit and state‐space grid methodology (an innovative, moment‐to‐moment behavioral coding method) to index observed parent‐child positive co‐regulation during four interaction tasks. First, the quality of dyadic parent‐child co‐regulation was associated significantly with children's RSA reactivity during the dyadic experience of receiving critical feedback from an adult. Specifically, children with higher levels of positive parent‐child co‐regulation exhibited decreases in RSA while receiving critical feedback, which may indicate active engagement or coping with the challenging situation. Second, children's self‐regulated behavior was associated significantly with RSA recovery during a period immediately after the task ended, when children were seated alone. Children with lower levels of observed self‐regulated behavior showed sudden RSA decrease after the critical feedback ceased, suggesting that this post‐task period was physiologically challenging for them.

AbstractPerformance‐based measures of children's executive functions (EFs) do not capture children's application of these skills during everyday emotionally‐laden and socially‐mediated interactions. The current study demonstrates the value of using assessor report of self‐regulation behaviors (inhibitory control and positive affect/engagement) in addition to EF tasks when studying early childhood experiences and development in a rural lower‐middle‐income country setting. In a sample of 1302 disadvantaged 4‐year‐olds living in rural Pakistan, we found that directly assessed EFs were significantly related to assessor observations of children's inhibitory control and positive affect/engagement during a structured assessment protocol. However, EFs and two types of self‐regulation behaviors demonstrated unique associations with children's (1) contextual experiences, as indexed by family socio‐economic resources, participation in parenting interventions, and children's physical growth; and (2) age‐salient developmental outcomes, as indexed by direct assessment of pre‐academic skills and maternal report of prosocial behaviors and behavior problems. First, family wealth uniquely predicted only observed positive affect/engagement, whereas maternal education uniquely predicted only EFs. Second, children's antecedent linear growth was a significant predictor of both EFs and positive affect/engagement, but exposure to an enhanced nutrition intervention during the first 2 years of life and preschoolers' hair cortisol concentration were associated only with observed self‐regulation behaviors. Finally, both EFs and observed positive affect/engagement uniquely predicted children's pre‐academic skills. In contrast, only assessors' ratings of positive affect/engagement uniquely predicted maternal report of prosocial behaviors and only assessors' ratings of inhibitory control uniquely predicted maternal report of behavioral problems.

AbstractThis study extends the methodological and theoretical understanding of executive functions (EFs) in preschoolers from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). First, the authors describe a rigorous process of adapting and evaluating six EF tasks to produce a culturally and developmentally appropriate measure of emerging EFs in a large sample of at‐risk children in rural Pakistan. Next, the authors identify critical developmental and family factors that relate to preschoolers' EFs over the first 4 years of life. Direct assessment of children's general cognitive skills at age two showed developmental continuity with EFs at age four, and these early cognitive skills mediated the effect of an antecedent parenting intervention on EFs as well as associations of targeted individual and family factors with EFs. Furthermore, directly assessed maternal cognitive capacities and observed maternal scaffolding uniquely predicted EFs in preschoolers. This study is also the first to demonstrate a significant overlap between direct assessments of IQ and EFs in young children from LMIC. Children's general intelligence mediated the associations of EFs with antecedent physical growth and cognitive skills as well as concurrent family factors (maternal verbal intelligence, maternal scaffolding, and home stimulation). After controlling for shared variance between preschoolers' general intelligence and EFs, three factors emerged as unique predictors of EFs: exposure to an early parenting intervention, physical growth status at age two, and number of older siblings. The findings have important implications for the design of interventions that aim to improve EFs in young children in LMIC. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://vimeo.com/316329544/5abde94cd7