Suchergebnisse

En este artículo se presenta un programa informático que está a disposición de los usuarios en la página web del CIS. Con el programa INDELEC pueden calcularse los más importantes índices de desproporcionalidad de los sistemas electorales, así como los más comunes para conocer las dimensiones de los sistemas de partidos: fragmentación, número de partidos, concentración, competitividad, polarización, volatilidad, voto regional y voto dual. En este artículo, y a modo de ejemplo, se aplica el programa INDELEC a los resultados agregados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados celebradas en España desde 1977. En este los autores hacen referencia a las monografías: 'Análisis electoral', de la colección de Cuadernos Metodológicos del CIS, en la cual se analiza detenidamente cada indicador, apuntando sus ventajas e inconvenientes, y se aplican a las sucesivas convocatorias de los diversos tipos de elecciones celebradas en nuestro país desde la reinstauración de la democracia y en distinto nivel de agregación y desagregación. De esta forma, se dibuja, un mapa con las principales características de los diversos sistemas y subsistemas (estatales y autonómicos) de partidos habituales en España desde 1977. ; ESP

p>Atmosphere layers, especially the troposphere, hinder the astronomical observation. For more than 100 years astronomers have tried observing from balloons to avoid turbulence and extinction.nbsp;nbsp;New developments in card-size computers, RF equipment and satellite navigation have democratised the access to the stratosphere./p> p>As a result of a ProAm collaboration with the Daedalus Team we have developed a low-cost multi-purpose platform with stratospheric balloons carrying up to 3 kg of scientific payload. The Daedalus Team is an amateur group that has been launching sounding probes since 2010. Since then the first two authors have provided scientific payloads for nighttime flights with the purpose of technology demonstration for astronomical observation./p> p>It is a passive craft, with basic stabilisation and 2-hour length nominal mission. Current design has up to 4 observational ports, three at the sides of the square-shaped probe and one aiming at nadir for Earth Observation. The probe uses one or two meteorological sounding balloons to get out of the troposphere. The probe usually rises to 30km of altitude and then falls free with a parachute. The probe has GSM, RF and GPS beacons and some missions had also bidirectional communication. During the flight the probe is chased from ground using the beacons in order for recovery as all the data is stored inside./p> p>The first of these flights was in 2010 as an instrumental test to monitor light. The same year a second flight over the city of Jaeacute;n successfully took the first images for scientific use. In 2014 the project was repeated over the city of Madrid, acquiring images of quality comparable to the ones from airborne instruments with a hundredth of the cost./p> p>The other scientific objective of these night flights is the estimation of meteoroid influx at Earth through the observation of meteor showers. Observing meteors from the stratosphere improves detection efficiency thanks to much lower extinction and less ...

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Nighttime images taken with DSLR cameras from the International Space Station (ISS) can provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variation of artificial nighttime lighting on Earth. In particular, this is the only source of historical and current visible multispectral data across the world (DMSP/OLS and SNPP/VIIRS-DNB data are panchromatic and multispectral in the infrared but not at visible wavelengths). The ISS images require substantial processing and proper calibration to exploit intensities and ratios from the RGB channels. Here we describe the different calibration steps, addressing in turn Decodification, Linearity correction (ISO dependent), Flat field/Vignetting, Spectral characterization of the channels, Astrometric calibration/georeferencing, Photometric calibration (stars)/Radiometric correction (settings correction - by exposure time, ISO, lens transmittance, etc) and Transmittance correction (window transmittance, atmospheric correction). We provide an example of the application of this processing method to an image of Spain. © 2021 The Author(s). ; This work was supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1), Fonds de Recherche du Québec: Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action ES1204 LoNNe (Loss of the Night Network), the ORISON project (H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2), the Cities at Night project, FPU grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia and F. Sánchez de Miguel. Cameras were tested at Laboratorio de Investigaciónn Científica Avanzada (LICA), a facility of UCM-UPM funded by the Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Network for Light Pollution Studies (MINECO AYA2011-15808-E) and also from STARS4ALL, a project funded by the European Union H2020-ICT-2015-688135. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish MICINN, (AyA2018-RTI-096188-B-I00), and by the Madrid Regional Government through the TEC2SPACE-CM Project (P2018/NMT-4291), Miniesterio de Ciencia y Tecnología (H2020). ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed