A Study on the Structure of Co-production at Promotion of built-up area's improvement: Case in the area where wooden housing crowds high density
In: Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan, Band 38.3, Heft 0, S. 247-252
ISSN: 2185-0593
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In: Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan, Band 38.3, Heft 0, S. 247-252
ISSN: 2185-0593
In: Natural hazards and earth system sciences: NHESS, Band 11, Heft 9, S. 2555-2565
ISSN: 1684-9981
Abstract. We applied eddy-resolving ocean data assimilation to a cloud-resolving atmospheric simulation of a snow disaster and investigated the effects of mesoscale eddies on a heavy snowfall event in late December 2005. Ocean circulation model (OCM) data assimilation reproduces mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) structures, which are smoothed out by optimum interpolation. This difference between OCM-assimilation and optimum-interpolation SSTs affects the atmospheric boundary layers over oceanic mesoscale eddies. The atmospheric response to the SST difference is complex at the cold tongue in the central Sea of Japan. Although the horizontal wind and turbulent mixing are quickly and locally affected by the low SST, the atmospheric temperature and water amounts are greatly affected by the upstream high SST via the northwesterly advection. In the heavy snowfall areas, the OCM assimilation greatly affects 10-day accumulated precipitation, though it does not largely influence 10-day mean vertical structures of wind, temperature and water vapor. Thus, we should recognize the significance of oceanic mesoscale eddies for heavy snowfall.
In: JALCOM-D-22-02190
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Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide key instructive signals for T-cell differentiation. Thymic cortical (cTECs) and medullary (mTECs) epithelial cells constitute two functionally distinct microenvironments for T-cell development, which derive from a common bipotent TEC progenitor. While seminal studies have partially elucidated events downstream of bipotent TECs in relation to the emergence of mTECs and their progenitors, the control and timing of the emergence of the cTEC lineage, particularly in relation to that of mTEC progenitors, has remained elusive. In this review, we describe distinct models that explain cTEC/mTEC lineage divergence from common bipotent progenitors. In particular, we summarize recent studies in mice providing evidence that mTECs, including the auto-immune regulator(+) subset, derive from progenitors initially endowed with phenotypic properties typically associated with the cTEC lineage. These observations support a novel "serial progression" model of TEC development, in which progenitors serially acquire cTEC lineage markers, prior to their commitment to the mTEC differentiation pathway. Gaining a better understanding of the phenotypic properties of early stages in TEC progenitor development should help in determining the mechanisms regulating cTEC/mTEC lineage development, and in strategies aimed at thymus reconstitution involving TEC therapy. ; N.L.A. is supported by program Ciencia2008 from the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal). N.L.A. is supported by grants from FCT, funds from the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Operational Competitiveness Program (COMPETE), by National Funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) under Project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-015803 (PTDC/SAU-IMU/110116/2009). A.R.R. is supported by Ph.D. fellowships from FCT (SFRH/BD/78380/2011). Y.T. is supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from MEXT and JSPS (23249025 and 24111004), Japan. G.A. and Y.T. are supported by An International Exchange Scheme from The Royal Society, UK. S.B. is supported by a PhD studentship from the European Union ITN "NINA." G.A. is supported by a Medical Research Council Programme Grant, W.E.J. is supported by a New Investigator Award from the Medical Research Council, UK (G1001055).
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