Suchergebnisse

This book examines common familial trends and differences throughout Europe from the 1960s onwards and discusses the most common theoretical explanations for convergence and divergence. Eriikka Oinonen reveals how structural factors such as the labour market, the welfare state and the EU affect Europeans' family related choices

Suomalaiset ja espanjalaiset perheet yhtenevässä Euroopassa Tutkimus käsittelee perhettä ja perheessä 1900-luvun aikana tapahtunutta muutosta analysoimalla Suomea ja Espanjaa länsieurooppalaisina esimerkkeinä. Tutkimuksessa pohditaan miten, missä määrin ja miksi eurooppalaiset perheinstituutiot erilaisia tai samanlaisia? Mikä on perheinstituution rooli ja merkitys nykyajan yhteiskunnassa? Miten perhe, sen roolit ja siihen kohdistetut vaatimukset määritellään ja mitkä sosiaaliset ja kulttuuriset tekijät ovat vaikuttaneet eri maissa vallitseviin määritelmiin? Aineistona on käytetty Suomea ja Espanjaa koskevaa siviili- ja sosiaalilainsäädäntöä, demografisia ja sosio-ekonomisia tilastoja, arvo- ja asennetutkimuksia, barometrejä, tutkimuksia ja raportteja. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltava ajanjakso kattaa koko 1900-luvun, joskin pääpaino on 1960­1990 lukujen välisessä ajassa. Tämä vertaileva tutkimus tarkastelee perhettä sosiaalisena instituutiona, joka on vuorovaikutuksessa muiden sosiaalisten instituutioiden kuten hyvinvointivaltion, työmarkkinoiden, politiikan, lainsäädännön ja uskonnon kanssa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että suomalaisessa ja espanjalaisessa yhteiskunnassa vallitseva käsitys perheestä (perheidologia) on varsin samanlainen pohjautuen kristilliseen teologiaan. Ideologiat ovat muuttuneet ja kehittyneet samansuuntaisesti patriarkaalisesta ideologiasta sukupuolien ja sukupolvien tasa-arvoa korostavaksi ideologisaksi, joskin muutos on ollut eritahtista. Maiden välillä on myös eroja, joista keskeisin on suomalaisen kulttuurin protestanttisiin arvoihin pohjautuva yksilöllisyys ja espanjalaisen kulttuurin katolisiin arvoihin pohjautuva suurempi kollektiivisuus ja sukukeskeisyys. Tutkimus kuitenkin osoittaa, että perheideologian ja sen historiallisen muutoksen erot ja vaihtelut eivät niinkään johdu perustavanlaatuisista perhekäsityseroista vaan pikemminkin yhteiskuntien historiallisista, sosiaalisista ja poliittisista taustoista ja kehityskuluista. Keskustelu perheen kriisistä länsimaisissa yhteiskunnissa on ollut vilkasta viime aikoina. Demografisiin tilastoihin perustuva analyysi viittaa perheinstituution kriisiin siinä mielessä, että mitään vakioista perhemuotoa ei kummassakaan maassa ole. Toisaalta ihmisten arvot ja asenteet heijastavat sitä tosiasiaa, että ideologisena mallina perhe on edelleen vankka. Ihanteellinen tai ideologinen perhe niin Suomessa kuin Espanjassakin on avioparin ja heidän lastensa muodostama ydinperhe, vaikka yhä suuremman osan perhetodellisuus ei tätä ihannetta vastaakaan. Perheen perustamisen tapojen tarkastelu 1960-1999 välisenä aikana osoittaa, että kummassakin maassa solmittujen avioliittojen määrä on laskenut, perhekoko on pienentynyt ja avioliiton solmimisen ja ensisynnyttäjien keksi-ikä on noussut, joskin espanjalaisnaiset ensisynnyttäjien keksi-ikä on vieläkin korkeampi kuin suomalaisten. Näitä trendejä on selitetty moderneilla ehkäisymenetelmillä sekä avoliittojen ja naisten työssäkäynnin yleistymisellä, mutta tutkimus osoittaa, että edellä mainitut selittävät tekijät eivät ole päteviä Suomen ja Espanjan tapauksissa. Ne eivät selitä, miksi mm. syntyvyys Espanjassa on huomattavasti matalampi kuin Suomessa ja miksi espanjalaiset lykkäävät perheen perustamista vieläkin pidempään kuin suomalaiset. Tarkasteltaessa seikkoja, jotka vaikuttavat perheellistymisen lykkääntymiseen, tutkimus kiinnittää huomiota perheellistymisen rooliin aikuistumisprosessissa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että toisin kuin ennen, vakiintumista ja lastenhankintaa tärkeämmäksi aikuisuuden kriteeriksi on noussut taloudellinen itsenäisyys. Todellisuudessa pidentyneet kouluttautumisajat, työelämän koventunut kilpailu ja työmarkkinoiden epävarmuus ovat niin Suomessa kuin Espanjassakin johtaneet siihen, että nuorten aikuisten taloudellisen itsenäisyyden saavuttaminen vaikeutuu ja pitkittyy ja siten myös perheen perustaminen lykkääntyy. Tutkimuksessa kehitetään selitysmallia niin maiden välisille eroille kuin länsieurooppalaisissa perheinstituutioissa tapahtuneille muutoksille, joka korostaa perheen perustamiseen ja perhe-elämään liittyvien valintojen ja mahdollisuuksien kiinteää liitosta yhteiskunnassa harjoitettuun lainsäädäntöön, perhepolitiikkaan ja erityisesti työmarkkinoihin. Tutkimus oikaisee niin perheestä kuin pohjoisen ja eteläisen Euroopan välisistä eroista vallitsevia stereotypioita ja yksinkertaistuksia ja tuottaa tietoa perheestä, sen roolista ja merkityksestä länsieurooppalaisissa yhteiskunnissa. Tutkimus on ns. artikkeliväitöskirja, joka koostuu laajasta yhteenvetoartikkelista ja neljästä aiemmin julkaistusta artikkelista. ; Finnish and Spanish Families in Converging Europe The study explores the family and its changes during the 20th century and, particularly, between the 1960s and 1990s by comparing Finland and Spain within the West European context. The examination of the family arises from the following questions: (i) How, to what degree and why are family institutions in Europe different or similar? (ii) What are the roles and significance of the family in contemporary societies? (iii) How is the family defined and what social and cultural factors have affected the definitions in different countries? The family is viewed as a social institution, with the interest lying in macro-level social changes and in the interrelationship between the family and other social institutions such as the welfare state, the labour market, politics, legislation and religion. The family as an institution has been examined from the viewpoints of family ideology and family practices. Family ideology has been studied by analysing how public and political institutions such as legislation and family policy define the family and how these definitions changed during the 20th century and, second, by looking at attitudes and values concerning intimate relations, the family and family practices. Family practices have been studied by analysing and comparing socio-demographic statistics between the 1960s and 1990s, the focus being on the formation of the first family. Furthermore, cross-national differences and similarities concerning patterns of family formation and prevailing family ideologies have been examined in association with legislation, social policies, the labour market, housing policies, education, gender relations, and religion. The study questions the stereotypical notions of the modern North and traditional South and their typical families and demonstrates that differences between Finnish (Northern) and Spanish (Southern) families have been greatly exaggerated and oversimplified. Fundamentally, the family ideologies are the same based on Christian tradition and, furthermore, the evolution of ideologies has moved in the same direction along with modernisation processes, albeit at a different pace. The study demonstrates that the variations are not due to fundamentally different conceptions of the family but to the historical, social and political developments of the countries. Analyses of demographic statistics and data on Finns and Spaniards values and attitudes indicate that demographic statistics suggest a crisis of The Family, for in neither of the countries does a fixed or typical family form exist and the growing plurality of family forms is a fact. On the other hand, the study also shows that The Family ­ the conjugal nuclear family - is very much alive and well as an ideological model and ideal. Looking at patterns of family formation and considering a variety of hypotheses usually presented as explaining the differences: contraceptive use, premarital cohabitation and women s labour market participation, the study shows that these reasons do not explain the differences between Finnish and Spanish patterns of first family formation. The study suggests that family-relevant public policies, housing policies and the labour market in particular are factors that better explain why Spaniards have fewer children and form families later than Finns even though the female employment rate is considerably lower and the use of modern contraceptives and premarital cohabitation is clearly more infrequent in Spain than in Finland. Analysis of the role of family formation in the process of attaining adult status shows that financial independence and self-reliance have taken over from marriage and parenthood as the principal markers of adulthood both in Finland and Spain. However, prolonged periods in education and erratic labour markets tend to complicate the attainment of such independence, reflected in the postponement or even rejection of family formation, especially marriage and parenthood. Yet, a de-familialised welfare state like the Finnish one eases gaining independence and family formation even with limited means, whereas a familistic welfare state like the Spanish one makes it more difficult to cut the cord to the parental home and to form new families. The study elaborates a complex and subtle model for explaining both the differences between countries and changes in the West European family institution in general. The model emphasises the role of public policies, housing policies, legislation and the labour market in particular in shaping the framework within which people in different countries make their decisions concerning family and family life. This comparative study is a dissertation comprised of a lengthy summarising article that links four empirical studies that were previously published as articles in international scientific journals and edited volumes.

Marriage and parenthood have traditionally been the primary indicators of adulthood in Western societies: marriage used to be the only socially and morally acceptable way of forming a household of one's own and having an intimate relationship. Today, there is a tendency among young people in Western countries to postpone or even reject family formation, especially marriage and parenthood. Financial independence and self-reliance have taken over from marriage and parenthood as the principal markers of adulthood. However, prolonged periods of education and erratic labour markets tend to complicate the attainment of such independence. The more difficult it is for people to achieve independence, the longer they will postpone family formation and parenthood. In spite of the common trends, there still remain national and regional differences, particularly between northern and southern Europe. In southern countries such as Spain, marriage is still the principal avenue to an independent adult life, whereas in northern countries like Finland, it is common for young people to live independently on their own before they set up a family. How easy or difficult it is to gain independence and to form a family and how salient the role of the family institution is for attaining adult status, depend on various social and cultural factors.

This article studies the development of higher education (HE) policies in Argentina and Finland and examines what are the principles behind HE laws and policies, and whether the policies promote or prevent social equality. We apply genealogical document analysis and interpretive policy analysis to look for differences and similarities, and to place them in societal and historical context in order to make plausible interpretations. We contrast properties of social systems and patterns of policy practices that describe the character of HE institutions in Argentina and Finland. By creating country cases, we, analyze the HE policies of the democratic era in Argentina and Finland to find out whether and how the policies aim at reducing social inequalities in HE. We conclude that along with market logic in education policies, inequalities in HE tend to increase even in a Nordic welfare state like Finland.

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004 ; Este artículo analiza la manera en que las políticas públicas de Educación Superior (ES) de Argentina y Finlandia contribuyen o no a reducir las desigualdades sociales en sus respectivos sistemas universitarios. Realizamos un análisis genealógico de documentos y un análisis interpretativo de las políticas para encontrar similitudes y diferencias, desarrollamos interpretaciones plausibles ubicándolas en su contexto social e histórico. Comparamos las características de los sistemas sociales y las tendencias de las políticas implementadas en las instituciones de ES en Argentina y Finlandia, mostrando su cercanía o lejanía respecto de los principios originariamente estatuidos en torno a la ES en cada país. Estudiamos los casos de Argentina y Finlandia, mediante el análisis de las políticas de ES en la era democrática para conocer si las políticas contribuyen a reducir las desigualdades sociales en la ES. Concluimos que las políticas educativas cuanto más se basan en la lógica del mercado, las desigualdades en la ES tienden a incrementarse, incluso, en el país nórdico con estado de bienestar. ; This article studies the development of higher education (HE) policies in Argentina and Finland and examines what are the principles behind HE laws and policies, and whether the policies promote or prevent social equality. We apply genealogical document analysis and interpretive policy analysis to look for differences and similarities, and to place them in societal and historical context in order to make plausible interpretations. We contrast properties of social systems and patterns of policy practices that describe the character of HE institutions in Argentina and Finland. By creating country cases, we, analyze the HE policies of the democratic era in Argentina and Finland to find out whether and how the policies aim at reducing social inequalities in HE. We conclude that along with market logic in education policies, inequalities in HE tend to increase even in a Nordic welfare state like Finland.

Este artículo analiza la manera en que las políticas públicas de Educación Superior (ES) de Argentina y Finlandia contribuyen o no a reducir las desigualdades sociales en sus respectivos sistemas universitarios. Realizamos un análisis genealógico de documentos y un análisis interpretativo de las políticas para encontrar similitudes y diferencias, desarrollamos interpretaciones plausibles ubicándolas en su contexto social e histórico. Comparamos las características de los sistemas sociales y las tendencias de las políticas implementadas en las instituciones de ES en Argentina y Finlandia, mostrando su cercanía o lejanía respecto de los principios originariamente estatuidos en torno a la ES en cada país. Estudiamos los casos de Argentina y Finlandia, mediante el análisis de las políticas de ES en la era democrática para conocer si las políticas contribuyen a reducir las desigualdades sociales en la ES. Concluimos que las políticas educativas cuanto más se basan en la lógica del mercado, las desigualdades en la ES tienden a incrementarse, incluso, en el país nórdico con estado de bienestar. ; This article studies the development of higher education (HE) policies in Argentina and Finland and examines what are the principles behind HE laws and policies, and whether the policies promote or prevent social equality. We apply genealogical document analysis and interpretive policy analysis to look for differences and similarities, and to place them in societal and historical context in order to make plausible interpretations. We contrast properties of social systems and patterns of policy practices that describe the character of HE institutions in Argentina and Finland. By creating country cases, we, analyze the HE policies of the democratic era in Argentina and Finland to find out whether and how the policies aim at reducing social inequalities in HE. We conclude that along with market logic in education policies, inequalities in HE tend to increase even in a Nordic welfare state like Finland. ; Este artículo analiza la manera en que las políticas públicas de Educación Superior (ES) de Argentina y Finlandia contribuyen o no a reducir las desigualdades sociales en sus respectivos sistemas universitarios. Realizamos un análisis genealógico de documentos y un análisis interpretativo de las políticas para encontrar similitudes y diferencias, desarrollamos interpretaciones plausibles ubicándolas en su contexto social e histórico. Comparamos las características de los sistemas sociales y las tendencias de las políticas implementadas en las instituciones de ES en Argentina y Finlandia, mostrando su cercanía o lejanía respecto de los principios originariamente estatuidos en torno a la ES en cada país. Estudiamos los casos de Argentina y Finlandia, mediante el análisis de las políticas de ES en la era democrática para conocer si las políticas contribuyen a reducir las desigualdades sociales en la ES. Concluimos que las políticas educativas cuanto más se basan en la lógica del mercado, las desigualdades en la ES tienden a incrementarse, incluso, en el país nórdico con estado de bienestar.

The paper presents genealogy-oriented analysis of how the Nordic model gained its dominant characterization as modern, advanced and superior to other European welfare models while Southern European countries came to be labelled laggards in the welfare domain. To illuminate the relational nature of these, and all, comparisons, the analysis accentuates how researchers, politicians, and civil servants alike designate Nordic and Southern European states, their societies, and their welfare models. The empirical analysis focuses on scholarly writings about welfare-state comparisons (1986–2017) and on European Union documents addressing cohesion policies (1986–2021). Analysis of the vocabulary and labelling illuminates how the Scandocentric and the South-related bias have been produced and reproduced.The analysis indicates that labels, once established, tend to get replicated without question and grow unquestionable in science and policy-making both. While reducing complexity and increasing predictability, this process simultaneously constrains alternative ways to interpret changing situations and alternative contexts. ; peerReviewed