Suchergebnisse

Until the late 1980s Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world. Flows of people between the countries, even inside the region, were rather small and sporadic, due to administrative restrictions on foreign travel. Contrary to what was feared in the West around 1990, it has not been flooded by East Europeans newly equipped with the freedom of movement. Indeed, the out‐flow of groups such as ethnic minorities, political opponents, and elites, has diminished. Nevertheless, at least three very dramatic and partly unexpected migration movements have occurred in the region. First: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within the region. Second: an influx of people from outside the region. Third: westbound transit. These three phenomena have a direct and sometimes con‐siderable impact on the countries undergoing the migration flows, provoking in them particular political responses.

Until the beginning of the 1990s Poland did not receive foreign migrants. Thereafter, the situation changed dramatically. A large part of the inflow proved to be illegal migrants, many of whom were in transit to Western Europe. Although these movements gradually declined in the second half of the decade, some became increasingly identified with relatively sophisticated smuggling of people. Foreigners smuggled from the South to the West, together with the international criminal networks assisting them, became typical of the migratory movements of people in Central and Eastern Europe during the 1990s. This article seeks to describe illegal migration from the perspective of Poland, a country often perceived as a major transit area in the smuggling of persons to Western Europe. The conclusions draw on the findings of several surveys recently carried out in Poland. Basic concepts related to illegal migration are defined and juxtaposed, and various myths and stereotypes concerning it that most often stem from the paucity of empirical evidence are examined. Finally, the trends observed in Poland are interpreted within the larger context of contemporary European migration.

Artykuł skupia się na funkcjonowaniu muzyki w sytuacji pandemicznej izolacji. Zawiera przykłady zapośredniczonej technologicznie dźwiękowej aktywności, zarówno po stronie twórców, jak i odbiorców. W polu zainteresowania autorów znalazły się między innymi: homerecording, amatorskie teledyski, domowe covery i wszelkie inne wykonania online, formuła one-man band, pandemiczne playlisty, akcje internetowe oraz lockdown versions, jako nowe zjawisko muzyczne w sieci. W tekście przedstawiono wiele spostrzeżeń związanych z funkcjonowaniem kultury muzycznej, wystrzegano się sądów krytyczno-wartościujących względem muzyki.

L'Union européenne compte onze pays anciennement communistes (Bulgarie, Croatie, Estonie, Hongrie, Lettonie, Lituanie, Pologne, République tchèque, Roumanie, Slovaquie et Slovénie). La population de cet ensemble de pays a baissé de 7 % depuis 1989, alors que celle du reste de l'UE a augmenté de 13 %. Ils étaient démographiquement plus jeunes que le reste de l'Union avant la chute du Mur en 1989, mais leurs populations sont maintenant devenues plus âgées. Ces évolutions tiennent à un faible niveau de fécondité et à une émigration importante des jeunes.

The Solidarity-led government which came into power in Poland in Autumn 1989 faced two enormous tasks. First, to stabilize an economy prone to hyperflation. Second, to replace a crumbling command system in favour of a market mechanism, in a country whose market institutions had been destroyed under forty years of communist rule. This book recounts the events of this period and the course taken by the new government, and analyzes the significance of this for the transition process in Poland and elsewhere

A Continent Moving West? argues that the conceptualization of migration as a one-way or long-term process is becoming increasingly wide of the mark. Rather, east-west labor migration in Europe, in common perhaps with other flows in and from other parts of the world, is diverse, fluid, and influenced by the dynamics of local and sector-specific labor markets and migration-related political regulations. The papers in this book contribute to critical understanding of the east-west migration within the European Union after the 2004 enlargement, from the new to the old member states

"A continent moving west?" explores the expansion of migration from countries in Eastern Europe following their accession to the European Union. Fifteen expertly authored chapters address head-on what the consequences of large-scale migration have been since 2007. The analysis is conducted for both origin countries, notably Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, and destination countries, including the UK, the Netherlands and Norway. Particular attention is given to labour market impacts, while also discussing migration policies emerging throughout the continent. Overall, this book testifies to how many of the migration patterns so far generated are temporary, circular or seasonal, thus warranting the label 'incomplete' or 'liquid'. Yet, the fluid nature of such movements is expected to continue, making forecasts for future migration - and its repercussions - highly unreliable. One thing is clear. Conventional notions of migration as a one-way, permanent or long-term process are increasingly becoming wide of the mark.