Suchergebnisse

Objective. To conduct a systematic review of workplace stress management intervention studies that have incorporated process evaluation. Data Source. Electronic databases such as PsycINFO and MEDline were searched. Study Inclusion Criteria. The inclusion criteria included interventions published in the English language that were focused on either individual- or organizational-level stress management interventions at the workplace, with an outcome evaluation. Data Extraction. Each article was coded on key process-relevant variables, including context, recruitment, reach, dose delivered, dose received, fidelity, implementation, and participant's attitudes toward the intervention. Studies that reported on at least one of these process variables were also coded on the following study characteristics: Participants, setting, evaluation design, intervention content, intervention format, and study outcomes. Data Synthesis. Statistical Package for the Social Science was used to analyze the data with descriptive statistics. Results. Of the 84 studies identified that met the study inclusion criteria, 52 (61.9%) reported findings on at least one of the key relevant process-relevant variables. Variables most frequently included were recruitment (30%), intervention dose received (22%), participants' attitudes toward intervention (19%), and program reach (13%). Fewer than half of the studies presented any findings linking process evaluation and outcome evaluation. Conclusions. The incomplete reporting of information relevant to process evaluation makes it difficult to identify reliable determinants of effective intervention implementation or outcomes.

Purpose. Health promotion policy frameworks, recent theorizing, and research all emphasize understanding and mobilizing environmental influences to change particular health-related behaviors in specific settings. The workplace is a key environmental setting. The Checklist of Health Promotion Environments at Worksites (CHEW) was designed as a direct observation instrument to assess characteristics of worksite environments that are known to influence health-related behaviors. Methods. The CHEW is a 112-item checklist of workplace environmental features hypothesized to be associated, both positively and negatively, with physical activity, healthy eating, alcohol consumption, and smoking. The three environmental domains assessed are (1) physical characteristics of the worksite, (2) features of the information environment, and (3) characteristics of the immediate neighborhood around the workplace. The conceptual rationale and development studies for the CHEW are described, and data from observational studies of 20 worksites are reported. Results. The data on CHEW-derived environmental attributes showed generally good reliability and identified meaningful sets of variables that plausibly may influence health-related behaviors. With the exception of one information environment attribute, intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.80 to 1.00. Descriptive statistics on selected physical and information environment characteristics indicated that vending machines, showers, bulletin boards, and signs prohibiting smoking were common across worksites. Bicycle racks, visible stairways, and signs related to alcohol consumption, nutrition, and health promotion were relatively uncommon. Conclusions. These findings illustrate the types of data on environmental attributes that can be derived, their relevance for program planning, and how they can characterize variability across worksites. The CHEW is a promising observational measure that has the potential to assess environmental influences on health behaviors and to evaluate workplace health promotion programs.

AbstractObesity indicators are useful clinical tools in the measurement of obesity, but it is important for clinicians to appropriately interpret their values in individuals with different ethnicities. Future research is needed to identify optimal cut-offs that can predict the occurrence of cardio-metabolic comorbidities in individuals of different ethnic descent. Assessment of more recently developed indicators like the Edmonton Obesity Staging System and visceral adipose tissue are able to appropriately identify metabolically at-risk individuals.

AbstractHigh body fat in apparently lean individuals is a commonly described phenotype in individuals of Asian descent, but very limited consolidated scientific literature is available on this topic. This phenotype is known as 'normal-weight obesity' and may explain the large disparity between the prevalence of obesity (as measured by BMI) and diabetes that occurs in these individuals. Routine use of obesity indicators that best predict body fat content would help to identify these individuals in clinical practice. In this debate, we would like to highlight that even though fat and BMI have a good correlation, as suggested by Kryst et al. (2019), clinicians, public health researchers and policymakers should consider the use of these indicators in conjunction with each other rather than individually. Future research is needed on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic modalities and therapeutic options in these individuals which will help to further characterize and manage these patients appropriately.

Intro -- Editor's Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part 1: The Ecological Range of Relationships Between Behavior and Health -- 1: Introduction -- Scope of Behavior and Health -- Global Trends in Health and Behavior -- Historical and Conceptual Roots of Behavioral Medicine -- Behaviorism -- Cognitive Psychology and Decision Making -- Psychosomatic Medicine -- Public Health and the Ecological Perspective -- Key, Cross-Cutting Concepts -- Principles of Behavior Change Are Not Necessarily Consistent with Perspectives of Clinical Medicine -- Distinctions Among Behaviors Do Not Follow Distinctions Among Clinical Diseases -- Diseases Pose Distinct Behavioral Challenges -- Behavior and Health Behaviors Are Fundamentally Contextual -- Interaction of Genes and Behavior Is the Norm, Not the Exception -- Reciprocal Determinism Is Very Important -- Individual Responsibility Versus It Takes a Village -- Global Perspective -- What Is Global? -- Plan for the Book -- References -- 2: Overview of Types of Disease, Their Epidemiology, and Treatments -- Obesity -- Epidemiology -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Epidemiology -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Cancer -- Epidemiology -- Risk Factors for Cancer -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Epidemiology -- Impacts and Complications -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- Epidemiology -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Bronchial Asthma -- Epidemiology -- Prevention, Treatment, and Management -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- Epidemiology -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Tuberculosis -- Epidemiology -- Prevention, Management, and Treatment -- Mental Disorders -- Epidemiology.