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Nonostante le mancanze strutturali e i risultati negativi osservati attraverso l'analisi degli indicatori statistici sulla smartness, specialmente nel confronto con i risultati alla scala nazionale, la Città Metropolitana di Palermo sembra essere interessata da una sempre crescente consapevolezza sul tema della Smart City. Anche se attualmente manca una cornice governativa che coordini il mosaico di iniziative portate avanti in vari campi della smartness, il bisogno e la volontà di andare verso lo sviluppo di una città più intelligente stanno attivando e richiamando all'azione sia le istituzioni - come l'Università, gli organismi di governo locale e gli istituti di ricerca - che le associazioni, le quali sono in grado di condurre il dibattito verso la promozione di stili di vita più sostenibili, con particolare attenzione ai temi della mobilità, dell'ambiente e dell'energia. Emerge la necessità di politiche e iniziative volte al miglioramento della qualità della vita, rafforzando la coesione sociale, aiutando i più deboli, risolvendo i problemi legati alla casa, alle condizioni sociali e culturali. La costruzione di una vera Smart City deve essere fatta tenendo anzitutto in considerazione l'equità e la sostenibilità sociale degli interventi. Recentemente, mossa da queste necessità, la città di Palermo ha visto la nascita di una cittadinanza attiva, per cui l'innovazione tecnologica - ICTs, social networks, ecc. - diventa un utile strumento facilitatore quando supporta l'innovazione sociale. ; Despite the structural lacks and the negative outcomes observed through the analysis of statistical indicators about smartness, especially when compared with the national scale results, the Metropolitan City of Palermo seems to be interested by an increasing growth of awareness of the Smart City theme. Even if it is currently lacking a governance framework coordinating the mosaic of initiatives that are being done in several fields of the smartness, the need and the will to go towards the development of a smarter city are now activating and calling to action both institutions - such us the University, local government agencies and research institutes - and associations, that are able to focus the debate on the promotion of more sustainable lifestyles, by paying particular attention to the themes of mobility, environment and energy. An emerging issue is the need for policies and initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life, by strengthening social cohesion, helping society's most vulnerable, fighting housing, social and cultural problems and lacks. The building of a really Smart City has to be done first taking into account equity and social sustainability of the interventions. In recent years, moved by these needs, the city of Palermo has seen the birth of an active citizenry, and technological innovation - such as ICTs and social networks - becomes a useful facilitating tool when it supports and is coupled with social innovation.

Abstract. The Santa Tecla flash flood, a very heavy event occurred in western Catalonia (NE Spain) in 1874, was reconstructed with hydraulic and hydrological modelling tools in three basins. The hydrograph obtained in a first step and the basin soil moisture information ultimately allowed the estimation of the range of the rainstorm magnitude which caused the flash flood. The reconstruction of historical floods has proved useful to improve the flood probability analysis, especially in ungauged basins.

This work is part of the OptimOre project funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 642201.

BackgroundReduction in mortality and morbidity in HIV patients due to the introduction of HAART have resulted in changes in patterns of hospital admissions.ObjectiveTo examine trends of HIV patients hospital admissions.Design and methodSerial cross‐sectional analysis of HIV‐hospitalized patients from 1989 to 2011 in an HIV Care Unit. Each hospitalization was classified as major categories: opportunistic infections, other infections, drug‐related admissions, chronic hepatopathy, AIDS and non‐AIDS‐related tumours and chronic medical conditions (COPD, diabetes) and as specific diagnosis: tuberculosis, PCP, CMV, bacterial pneumonia and others. We considered 4 periods of time: pre‐HAART, 1989–1996; early HAART, 1997–2001; intermediate HAART, 2002–2006; and present HAART, 2007–2011.ResultsWe evaluated 2588 admissions. 20.7% of patients were unaware of HIV infection before first admission; this proportion did not change along the time (p=0.27). No previous outpatient follow‐up was seen in 34.9% of patients. There were differences in diagnosis, mortality, age and mean inpatient stay time (Table 1) between the analyzed periods of time.




















OI
HIV tumours
Non‐HIV tumours
Chronic diseases
Mortality
Mean age
Mean hospital stay
Pneumonia
Resp infect
TBC
CMV
PCP
PML




Pre‐HAART 682 adm.
51.7%*
5.1%*
0.8%*
3.2%*
10.1%*
36.1*
23.9*
12.1%*
14.1%*
14.1%
15%*
9.5%*
5.1%


Early HAART 632 adm.
34.5%
4%
2.2%
9%
4.6%
38.4
17.2*
21.1%
19.9%
11.7%
5%
8.2%
4.1%


Intermediate HAART 613 adm.
31.4%*
2.4%
2.8%
7.7%
4.4%
39.6
15.7
25.6%*
23.2%
11.4%
1.7%*
3.4%*
3%


Present HAART 661 adm.
21.8%*
0.8%*
4.1%*
15.9%*
3.8%*
42.9*
14.2
29.8%*
29.2%*
10.9%
1.9%*
4.2%*
2.2%





p<0.05

Conclusions(i) HAART and older age have changed the pattern of hospital admissions with a decrease of OI‐related admissions and an increase of chronic diseases and non‐AIDS‐related tumours and with a decrease in mortality and length of inpatient stay. (ii) Proportion of patients with unknown HIV serostatus before admission has not changed along the time. (iii) Pneumonia, respiratory tract infection and tuberculosis were the more common causes of admission.

Between September 2017 and February 2018, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B viruses (mainly B/Yamagata, not included in 2017/18 trivalent vaccines) co-circulated in Europe. Interim results from five European studies indicate that, in all age groups, 2017/18 influenza vaccine effectiveness was 25 to 52% against any influenza, 55 to 68% against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, -42 to 7% against influenza A(H3N2) and 36 to 54% against influenza B. 2017/18 influenza vaccine should be promoted where influenza still circulates.