Suchergebnisse

This article analyzes how Black/Afro-descendant intellectuals have used negrismo and negredumbre as self-classifying categories of identity during the first half of the 20th century in the Spanish-speaking areas of Latin America. The study allows us to draw a comparison with negritude, one of the most popular categories in current scholarly work, but which, as a concept and movement of cultural affirmation, only entered Black/Afro-descendant intellectual discussions in Latin America in the 1970s. Reviewing these discourses helps comprehend that negritude was considered a foreign concept, with different socio-historical tensions, and that within Latin America, Black/Afro-descendants had already adopted other concepts to classify their own identity.

The educational unequality became greater during Chile's militar dictatorship. Although seventeen years have passed after the return to democracy, the situation hasn't improved. This situation deserves being analyzed, which, in this piece of work is carried out from the "deontological" point of view, giving emphasis to three main aspects: conflict between Wel-farestate("Estado Docente") versusFreedom of Education("Libertad de Enseñanza")and educational unequality; the role of the sub-sidiary state, a fracture upon educational as public wealth, and finally the 1980 Constitution and the enforcing of a neoliberal policy upon Chilean education. ; La desigualdad educativa se profundizó durante la dictadura militar en Chile. Después de 17 años del retorno a la democracia, la situación no ha remontado. Ello merece un análisis que, en este trabajo, es realizado desde la óptica deontológica, enfatizando tres aspectos: de la incidencia del conflicto entre Estado Docente y Libertad de Enseñanza y la desigualdad educativa en Chile; el rol del Estado subsidiario, una fractura en la educación como bien público y, finalmente, la Constitución de 1980 y la aplicación de la política neoliberal a la educación chilena.

El nombre de España aparece en las fuentes narrativas castellanas de la época Trastámara, tanto con un significado geográfico como histórico y político. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar su utilización en el contexto de la época, un marco de referencia que nos permite interpretar los posibles sentidos con los que fue utilizado y, a su vez, comprender las razones que influyeron en su progresiva identificación con Castilla. ; The name of Spain appears in the Castilian narrative sources of the Trastámara age, as a geographical meaning as a historical and political sense. The aim of this article is to do an analyze about the use of that name in the context of the age. This frame of references allow me to make an interpretation about the possible senses with the name was to use, and at the time, to understand the different reasons that influenced in the progressive identification of Spain with Castile. ; peerReviewed

El estudio de tributos y prestaciones en el marco de una comunidad concejil revela datos importantes que permiten conocer las relaciones socioeconómicas establecidas dentro del mismo concejo. Para ello se estudia el caso de la villa de Cáceres en el siglo XIII, época en la que la caballería villana ya se ha estructurado como clase dominante dentro de los concejos, configuración política e, incluso, económica que se refleja en el Fuero de Cáceres. Se plantean interrogantes claves como quiénes pechan, qué prestaciones se consideran propias de un determinado grupo social y si conllevan algún tipo de privilegio, o quiénes son los beneficiarlos de los tributos canalizados a través del concejo. ; The study of taxes and benefits in the context of a council community reveals important data used to determine the socioeconomic relations established within the council. We study the case of the town of Caceres in the thirteenth century, a period in which the villain cavalry was structured as a ruling class within the councils. This political and economic setting is reflected in the Fuero. Key questions such as what benefits are specific to a particular social group and if they have some kind of privilege or benefit.

Nowadays the key target of Cohesion Policy is to promote the creation of conditions to improve the growth, and to increase the factors that lead to a real convergence (Economic and Social Cohesion). An important group of these factors is found when considering the competitivity of a Region that implies, (even whitout existintg a clear definition), to consider at the same time two different levels: - The first one through the specific factors to improve the development of the resident managerial weave (Innovation, Research & Development, enterprises nets, labour market, training, support in the use of new technologies, servicies to entreprises, etc.). – The second one, improving the enviromental conditions for the development of such an managerial activity (Transport and comunication infrastructures, environment and sustainable developpment ,use of renewable energies, etc.) The objetcive of the present paper is to propose an objective way to consider the totalitiy of factors simultaneously, in order to obtain a ranking of the of the regional competitivity, and to study his changes in the time. For this, it will be used the data base "REGIO" and techniques of ranking belonging to multicriteria decision making. The analyzed period is from 1987 to 2002 which shows interesting results mainly when compared with other analyses carried out.

Aragon is an autonomous community within Spain where, historically, three languages are spoken: Aragonese, Catalan, and Castilian Spanish. Both Aragonese and Catalan are minority and minoritised languages within the territory, while Castilian Spanish, the majority language, enjoys total legal protection and legitimation. The fact that we live in the era of the nation-state is crucial for understanding endangered languages in their specific socio-political context. This is why policies at macro-level and micro-level are essential for language maintenance and equality. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of 57 documents: international and national legal documents, education reports, and education curricula. The aims of the paper are: (1) to analyse the current state of Aragonese language teaching in primary education in Aragon, and (2) to suggest solutions and desirable policies to address the passive bilingualism of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren. We conclude that although Aragon is a trilingual community, education policy actually does not reflect this reality. There is also a need to implement language policies (bottom-up and top-down initiatives) to promote compulsory education in a minoritised language. We therefore propose a linguistic model that brings to the forefront minority languages. This study may contribute to research into Aragonese-Castilian bilingualism in contexts of possible language loss. ; This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain by the Grants EDU2014-54093-R, EDU2017-82479-R and IJCI-2016-28250; the Catalan Government's Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) by the Grant 2017 SGR 322.

Identifying how R-loops are generated is crucial to know how transcription compromises genome integrity. We show by genome-wide analysis of conditional yeast mutants that the THO transcription complex, prevents R-loop formation in G1 and S-phase, whereas the Sen1 DNA-RNA helicase prevents them only in S-phase. Interestingly, damage accumulates asymmetrically downstream of the replication fork in sen1 cells but symmetrically in the hpr1 THO mutant. Our results indicate that: R-loops form co-transcriptionally independently of DNA replication; that THO is a general and cell-cycle independent safeguard against R-loops, and that Sen1, in contrast to previously believed, is an S-phase-specific R-loop resolvase. These conclusions have important implications for the mechanism of R-loop formation and the role of other factors reported to affect on R-loop homeostasis. ; This work was supported by grants from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2016-75058-P), European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Investigator Grant (ERC2014 AdG669898 TARLOOP), and the European Union (FEDER). M.S.M.-A. and M.E.S.-O. were holders of predoctoral training grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, respectively.

25 p.- 9 fig.-7 fig. supl.-4 tab. supl. ; The structure of the unique bacterial tubulin BtubA/B from Prosthecobacter is very similar to eukaryotic alphabeta-tubulin, but strikingly, BtubA/B fold without eukaryotic chaperones. Our sequence comparisons indicate that BtubA and BtubB do not really correspond to either alpha or beta-tubulin but have mosaic sequences with intertwining features from both. Their nucleotide binding loops are more conserved and their more divergent sequences correspond to discrete surface zones of tubulin involved in microtubule assembly and binding to eukaryotic chaperonin CCT, which is absent from the P. dejongeii draft genome. BtubA/B cooperatively assembles over a wider range of conditions than alphabeta-tubulin, forming pairs of protofilaments which coalesce into bundles instead of microtubules, and it lacks the abilities to differentially interact with divalent cations and bind typical tubulin drugs. Assembled BtubA/B contain close to one bound GTP and GDP. Both BtubA and BtubB subunits hydrolyze GTP, leading to disassembly. The mutant BtubA/B-S144G in the tubulin signature motif GGG(T/S)G(S/T)G has strongly inhibited GTPase, but BtubA-T147G/B does not, suggesting that BtubB is a more active GTPase, like beta-tubulin. BtubA/B chimera bearing the beta-tubulin loops M, H1-S2 and S9-S10 in BtubB fold, assemble and have reduced GTPase. However, introduction of the alpha-tubulin loop S9-S10 with its unique 8-residue insertion impaired folding. From the sequence analyses, its primitive assembly features and the properties of the chimeras, we propose that BtubA/B were acquired shortly after duplication of a spontaneously folding alpha and beta-tubulin ancestor, possibly by horizontal gene transfer from a primitive eukaryotic cell, followed by divergent evolution ; This work was supported in part by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Grants BFU2008-00013 (to J. M. A.) and BFU2010-15703 (to J. M. V.) and contracts Juan de la Cierva (to A. J. M.-G. and M. A. O.), a contract from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Junta de Ampliación de Estudios-Doctores (to A. J. M.-G.), a Formacion de Personal Universitario fellowship (to L. S.), and a fellowship from the Madrid Regional Government (to M. S.) ; Peer reviewed