Suchergebnisse

Recesiones de: TAYLOR, Ian, African politics: A very short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018, pp. 141. ÁLVAREZ COBELAS, Juan, África Saquead: La Occidentalización y sus trampas, Queimada Ediciones, Madrid, 2015, pp. 574. ; Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación financiada por la Comunidad de Madrid en el marco de las Ayudas destinadas a la Atracción de Talento Investigador y del Proyecto Intercambios culturales y creación de identidades a través de fuentes literarias, siglos XIX y XX (MINECO HAR2016-76398-P).

Review-essay of: TAYLOR, Ian, African politics: A very short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018, pp. 141. ÁLVAREZ COBELAS, Juan, África Saquead: La Occidentalización y sus trampas, Queimada Ediciones, Madrid, 2015, pp. 574. ; Review-essay de: TAYLOR, Ian, African politics: A very short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018, pp. 141. ÁLVAREZ COBELAS, Juan, África Saquead: La Occidentalización y sus trampas, Queimada Ediciones, Madrid, 2015, pp. 574.

Abstract Background To investigate whether alterations in the developing intestinal microbiota and immune markers precede celiac disease (CD) onset in infants at familial risk of developing the disease. Methods A nested case-control study was carried out as part of a larger prospective cohort study, which included healthy full-term newborns (> 200) with at least one first relative with biopsy-verified CD. The present study includes cases of CD (n = 10) and the best-matched controls (n = 10) who did not develop the disease after 5-year follow-up. Fecal microbiota, assessed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and immune parameters were profiled at 4 and 6 months of age and related to CD onset. Results The microbiota of infants who remained healthy showed an increase in bacterial diversity over time, characterized by increases in Firmicutes families, but not those who developed CD. Infants who subsequently developed CD showed a significant reduction in sIgA levels over time, while those who remained healthy showed increases in TNF-α correlated to Bifidobacterium spp. An increased relative abundance of Bifidobacterium longum was associated with control children while increased proportions of Bifidobacterium breve and Enterococcus spp. were associated with CD development. Conclusion The findings suggest that alterations in the early trajectory of gut microbiota in infants at CD risk could influence the immune maturation process and predispose to CD, although larger population studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis. ; This work was supported by grants AGL2011-25169, AGL2014-52101-P, and AGL2007-66126-C03-03/ALI (YS and FP) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). Funding for AWW and JP and 16S rRNA gene Olivares et al. Microbiome (2018) 6:36 Page 9 of 11 sequencing was provided by Wellcome Trust (Grant 098051); AWW and The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, receive core funding support from the Scottish Government Rural and Environmental Science and Analysis Service (RESAS). The scholarship to MO from CSIC (JAEpre) and the contract to ABP from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program under the grant agreement no 613979 (MyNewGut) are also fully acknowledged.

8 páginas, 1 figura, 2 tablas ; Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy involving genetic and environmental factors, whose interaction influences disease risk. The intestinal microbiota, including viruses and bacteria, could play a role in the pathological process leading to gluten intolerance. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of pathogens in the intestinal microbiota of infants at familial risk of developing CD. We included 127 full-term newborns with at least one first-degree relative with CD. Infants were classified according to milk-feeding practice (breastfeeding or formula feeding) and HLA-DQ genotype (low, intermediate or high genetic risk). The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses was assessed in the faeces of the infants at 7 days, 1 month and 4 months of age. The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens was higher in formula-fed infants than in breast-fed over the study period, and that of C. difficile at 4 months. Among breastfed infants, a higher prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was found in infants with the highest genetic risk compared either to those with a low or intermediate risk. Among formula-fed infants, a higher prevalence of ETEC was also found in infants with a high genetic risk compared to those of intermediate risk. Our results show that specific factors, such as formula feeding and the HLA-DQ2 genotype, previously linked to a higher risk of developing CD, influence the presence of pathogenic bacteria differently in the intestinal microbiota in early life. Further studies are warranted to establish whether these associations are related to CD onset later in life. ; This work was supported by grants AGL2011-25169, AGL2014-52101-P and AGL2007-66126-C03-03/ALI (YS and FP) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). The scholarship to MO from CSIC (JAEpre) and the contract to ABP from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program under the grant agreement no 613979 (MyNewGut) are also fully acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ; Anti-obesity drugs in the amphetamine (AMPH) class act in the brain to reduce appetite and increase locomotion. They are also characterized by adverse cardiovascular effects with origin that, despite absence of any in vivo evidence, is attributed to a direct sympathomimetic action in the heart. Here, we show that the cardiac side effects of AMPH originate from the brain and can be circumvented by PEGylation (PEGyAMPH) to exclude its central action. PEGyAMPH does not enter the brain and facilitates SNS activity via theβ2-adrenoceptor, protecting mice against obesity by increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis, coupled to higher heat dissipation, which acts as an energy sink to increase energy expenditure without altering food intake or locomotor activity. Thus, we provide proof-of-principle for a novel class of exclusively peripheral anti-obesity sympathofacilitators that are devoid of any cardiovascular and brain-related side effects. ; This work was supported by the Fundação Para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT - PTDC-BIM-MET-3750-2014 and LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-030892), the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO - Installation Grant 3037), the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP - RGY0070/2016), Maratona da Saúde (Diabetes - 2016), the European Research Council (ERC-2017-COG-771431), and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Wellcome International research scholar award (HHMI - 208576/Z/17/Z). G.J.L.B. is a Royal Society university Research Fellow (URF\R\180019) and FCT Investigator (IF/00624/2015). B.J. and A.K. were supported by the BBSRC (BB/M027252/1/bbsrc). We also acknowledge the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125), the Project EU_FT-ICR_MS, funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 731077. The contribution of Y.S., M.O., and F.C. was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, ...