Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Mesurer l'influence des écrits de Saint-Simon et de ses disciples en Scandinavie se heurte à de multiples obstacles. À celui des langues, s'ajoutent l'éloignement et la dispersion des archives. C'est pourquoi je tiens à remercier Aladin Larguèche et Svein Erling Lorås de l'université d'Oslo pour leur aide précieuse. Intuitivement, et par un raisonnement téléologique partant des succès du modèle suédois initié par la social-démocratie, on pourrait penser que le saint-simonisme a reçu un accueil très favorable et très large en Suède, mais visiblement ce n'est pas le cas. Finalement, c'est dans l'autre royaume de Bernadotte, celui de Norvège, que s'épanouissent les préceptes économiques et sociaux du saint-simonisme. Des liens forts et directs peuvent ainsi être mis en évidence entre l'évolution socio-politique norvégienne et la pensée saint-simonienne à partir des années 1840. Deux hommes symbolisent ces liens : Ole Jacob Broch (1818-1889) 1 et Marcus Møller Thrane (1817-1890). Le premier influence durablement la politique économique du royaume de Norvège en initiant une modernisation des infrastructures fortement inspirée de l'action des frères Pereire et des écrits de Michel Chevalier qu'il rencontre à Paris. Le second apparaît comme l'un des fondateurs du socialisme scandinave en reprenant des formules de Saint-Simon sur les classes sociales parasitaires et la dimension révolutionnaire du christianisme.

International audience ; Mesurer l'influence des écrits de Saint-Simon et de ses disciples en Scandinavie se heurte à de multiples obstacles. À celui des langues, s'ajoutent l'éloignement et la dispersion des archives. C'est pourquoi je tiens à remercier Aladin Larguèche et Svein Erling Lorås de l'université d'Oslo pour leur aide précieuse. Intuitivement, et par un raisonnement téléologique partant des succès du modèle suédois initié par la social-démocratie, on pourrait penser que le saint-simonisme a reçu un accueil très favorable et très large en Suède, mais visiblement ce n'est pas le cas. Finalement, c'est dans l'autre royaume de Bernadotte, celui de Norvège, que s'épanouissent les préceptes économiques et sociaux du saint-simonisme. Des liens forts et directs peuvent ainsi être mis en évidence entre l'évolution socio-politique norvégienne et la pensée saint-simonienne à partir des années 1840. Deux hommes symbolisent ces liens : Ole Jacob Broch (1818-1889) 1 et Marcus Møller Thrane (1817-1890). Le premier influence durablement la politique économique du royaume de Norvège en initiant une modernisation des infrastructures fortement inspirée de l'action des frères Pereire et des écrits de Michel Chevalier qu'il rencontre à Paris. Le second apparaît comme l'un des fondateurs du socialisme scandinave en reprenant des formules de Saint-Simon sur les classes sociales parasitaires et la dimension révolutionnaire du christianisme.

L'historien de l'économie dispose de multiples outils pour analyser les réussites économiques. Il parvient le plus souvent à les rendre logiques et évidentes, mais en ayant la chance de travailler sur des évènements passés qui ne peuvent pas contredire son raisonnement. Toutefois, l'analyse des plus beaux succès – suisses et scandinaves – nuance les modèles les plus couramment admis : comme l'exploitation de ressources naturelles abondantes, la révolution industrielle libérale à l'anglaise ou le triomphe de la grande usine. En effet, les développements suisse, suédois et norvégien offrent de belles pistes de réflexion car ils reposent davantage sur les PME, sur des politiques volontaristes et sur une maîtrise ancienne des statistiques.

International audience ; The role of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte in the Bonapartist project for the remaking of New France remains so poorly known today that the recent synthesis by Gilles Havard and Cécile Vidal does not even mention his name. And yet between 1798 and 1803, the ambition for taking part in a great American adventure was quite real for this remarkable leader of men, who accumulated numerous documents on Louisiana at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the end, external factors like the deterioration of the situation in Santo Domingo and the threat of renewed warfare in Europe caused the collapse of such vast projects. They were not totally utopian at this date, since the French could count on their alliances with the Spanish and Americans when they reestablished slavery. As of Year III (1795) in fact, the Thermidorian Convention authorized forced labor and the requisition of manpower in the colonies for the sugar harvests. This legislation was later confirmed by the Directory. Bonaparte's law of 20 Floréal Year X (10 May 1802) went still further by restoring the status of persons held prior to 1789, which amounted to a return to slavery and the inequality of rights of mulattos compared with those of other citizens. This legislation appeased the neighboring slave holding powers and was reinforced by the still vigorous presence of French culture in Louisiana. Language and Catholic religion, specifically, were spread well after 1803 by active congregations like the Ursuline convents in New Orleans that Emily Clark has studied. Finally, French woodsmen maintained privileged relationships with the Indian peoples, as the significant assistance they provided the Lewis and Clark expedition between 1804 and 1806 demonstrated.

International audience ; The role of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte in the Bonapartist project for the remaking of New France remains so poorly known today that the recent synthesis by Gilles Havard and Cécile Vidal does not even mention his name. And yet between 1798 and 1803, the ambition for taking part in a great American adventure was quite real for this remarkable leader of men, who accumulated numerous documents on Louisiana at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the end, external factors like the deterioration of the situation in Santo Domingo and the threat of renewed warfare in Europe caused the collapse of such vast projects. They were not totally utopian at this date, since the French could count on their alliances with the Spanish and Americans when they reestablished slavery. As of Year III (1795) in fact, the Thermidorian Convention authorized forced labor and the requisition of manpower in the colonies for the sugar harvests. This legislation was later confirmed by the Directory. Bonaparte's law of 20 Floréal Year X (10 May 1802) went still further by restoring the status of persons held prior to 1789, which amounted to a return to slavery and the inequality of rights of mulattos compared with those of other citizens. This legislation appeased the neighboring slave holding powers and was reinforced by the still vigorous presence of French culture in Louisiana. Language and Catholic religion, specifically, were spread well after 1803 by active congregations like the Ursuline convents in New Orleans that Emily Clark has studied. Finally, French woodsmen maintained privileged relationships with the Indian peoples, as the significant assistance they provided the Lewis and Clark expedition between 1804 and 1806 demonstrated.

Una diaspora che non fa chiasso i formaggisti e vacari di Friburgo in Franche-Comté (Ottocento-Novecento ).
Certe diaspore coltivano la discrezione nel seno della società francese, all'esempio dei Svizzeri cattolici di lingua francese venuti ad insediarsi in Franche-Comté. Le loro competenze di allevatori e di vacari facilitavano la loro integrazione in uno spazio rurale spopolato. Questi "Armaillis" conservano certe particolarità culturali della Gruyère (cantone di Friburgo). D'altronde approfittano di tante cortesie da parte della ricca Confederzione Svizzera desiderosa di stringere legami con gli espatriati. Cosi lo sviluppo delle "sociétà", l'uso dei nuovi mezzi di comunicazione, la doppia nazionalità e un sistema favorevole per la pensione danno spazio al senso identitario di questa comunità invisibile.

Comment expliquer les origines de l'impressionnant développement économique japonais au cours du XXe siècle ? Alors que les thèses habituellement avancées soulignent le rôle du pouvoir central (gouvernement et zaibatsu), Nakamura Naofumi nous fait parcourir le Japon de l'ère Meiji (1868-1912) dans toute son étendue, du nord au sud, à la découverte des fondations régionales de la « Révolution industrielle ». Analysant la mentalité des acteurs, leur capacité à l'échange d'informations, à l'activation de réseaux de proximité, à la mobilisation de capitaux, l'auteur décrit une pléthore d'entrepreneurs et d'agents publics locaux dynamiques. Engagés dans le lancement d'entreprises innovantes de dimension régionale, ils réalisèrent des aménagements industriels (filatures, charbonnages, chemin de fer ou secteur électrique) dans tout l'archipel entre les années 1880 et 1900. À l'heure où la désindustrialisation des régions s'accompagne d'une croissance économique en berne, la démonstration de Nakamura Naofumi n'apparaît que plus riche de sens

International audience ; Aluminum alloys are very interesting witnesses of industrial and technical development. The first ever developed was Duralumin, a light metal with good mechanical properties. In the 1930s, the rise of nationalism stimulated research and development, generating various aluminum alloys. This work reports the comparison of two versions of aluminum alloys, which were found in collected parts of WWII crashed aircraft from four nations: a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (DE), a Dewoitine D.520 (FR), and a P-51 Mustang (USA) and an Avro Lancaster (United Kingdom). The first version of alloy with magnesium content below or equal to 1 wt.% and the second version with higher magnesium content (1.5 wt.%), were identified as respectively AlCuMg1, AlCuMg2 in Germany; Duralumin, Duralumin F.R. in France; Hiduminium DU Brand, Hiduminium 72 in the UK and 17S, 24S in the USA. This study uses a multiscale approach based on historical research complimented by laboratory analyses of materials directly collected on the crashed aircraft. It allows a comparison and a better knowledge of the alloys used in each nations: their chemical composition, designations, microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated.

International audience ; Aluminum alloys are very interesting witnesses of industrial and technical development. The first ever developed was Duralumin, a light metal with good mechanical properties. In the 1930s, the rise of nationalism stimulated research and development, generating various aluminum alloys. This work reports the comparison of two versions of aluminum alloys, which were found in collected parts of WWII crashed aircraft from four nations: a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (DE), a Dewoitine D.520 (FR), and a P-51 Mustang (USA) and an Avro Lancaster (United Kingdom). The first version of alloy with magnesium content below or equal to 1 wt.% and the second version with higher magnesium content (1.5 wt.%), were identified as respectively AlCuMg1, AlCuMg2 in Germany; Duralumin, Duralumin F.R. in France; Hiduminium DU Brand, Hiduminium 72 in the UK and 17S, 24S in the USA. This study uses a multiscale approach based on historical research complimented by laboratory analyses of materials directly collected on the crashed aircraft. It allows a comparison and a better knowledge of the alloys used in each nations: their chemical composition, designations, microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated.

International audience ; Aluminum alloys are very interesting witnesses of industrial and technical development. The first ever developed was Duralumin, a light metal with good mechanical properties. In the 1930s, the rise of nationalism stimulated research and development, generating various aluminum alloys. This work reports the comparison of two versions of aluminum alloys, which were found in collected parts of WWII crashed aircraft from four nations: a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (DE), a Dewoitine D.520 (FR), and a P-51 Mustang (USA) and an Avro Lancaster (United Kingdom). The first version of alloy with magnesium content below or equal to 1 wt.% and the second version with higher magnesium content (1.5 wt.%), were identified as respectively AlCuMg1, AlCuMg2 in Germany; Duralumin, Duralumin F.R. in France; Hiduminium DU Brand, Hiduminium 72 in the UK and 17S, 24S in the USA. This study uses a multiscale approach based on historical research complimented by laboratory analyses of materials directly collected on the crashed aircraft. It allows a comparison and a better knowledge of the alloys used in each nations: their chemical composition, designations, microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated.