Suchergebnisse

Klappentext: Forstökonomie ist eine angewandte Wirtschaftswissenschaft, weshalb die Betriebswirtschaftslehre das geeignete analytische Instrumentarium zur Lösung forstbetrieblicher Probleme bietet. In einen gesamtwirtschaftlichen Zusammenhang gestellt, ist es jedoch die Volkswirtschaftslehre, die entsprechende Lösungen bietet. Forstökonomie ist dann die Lehre von der vernünftigen Verwendung knapper forstlicher Güter zur Befriedigung von Bedürfnissen. Die Verwendung der Güter gilt als vernünftig, wenn diese effizient produziert, nachhaltig genutzt und gerecht verteilt werden. Der Titel bietet eine Einführung in die Grundlagen dieser spezifischen Volkswirtschaftslehre und diskutiert die Probleme, die sich in der Forstwirtschaft durch die Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter ergeben. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Darstellung der Probleme, die der Forstwirtschaft aus der gewinnbringenden Vermarktung im In- und Ausland erwachsen. Hierbei geht es nicht allein um die Vermarktung von Rohholz, sondern auch um geeignete Schutz- und Erholungsleistungen, die wegen ihrer öffentlichen Eigenschaften für eine gewinnbringende Vermarktung besondere Schwierigkeiten aufweisen. Explizite Beachtung erfährt in diesem Zusammenhang die Globalisierung, die vor allem für die Holzmärkte und den Umwelt- und Waldschutz eine internationale Problematik in sich birgt. Für Studierende der Forstwissenschaften sowie Praktiker aus den Forstverwaltungen, aus privaten und staatlichen Forstbetrieben, aus Holzhandelsunternehmen und Umweltorganisationen und -verbänden.

Forest owners and managers deal with an increasing demand for forest ecosystem services (ES). In addition, a recent change can be observed from a governmental top-down approach to bottom-up initiatives, including efforts of the local population to have a say in forest management decisions. Matching supply and demand is seen as a basic condition for the sustainable utilization of forest ES. Against this background, we address the following research questions: (i) How can the preferences on the supply and demand side of forest ES be consistently determined? (ii) In how far do these preferences vary due to regional and societal differences? (iii) How can the supply and demand of forest ES be matched by forest management alternatives? We conducted a survey in Switzerland with foresters and the wider population to compare attitudes and preferences of the supply and demand side of forest ES. The core of the study is a choice experiment (CE) to elicit the population's willingness to pay (WTP) for specific forest management alternatives, and the respective will- ingness to accept (WTA) on the foresters' side. To address spatial and societal heterogeneity, we compare different geographic forest zones and settlement areas.

This paper aims at analyzing whether existing economic value estimates for forest ecosystem services (ES) might be transferred and used for valuation purposes elsewhere, and whether these data are appropriate for application in forest management. Many forest ES are public goods or positive externalities, and as a consequence they do not have a market price. The valuation of forest ES can provide important information for decision making in forest management and planning as well as in political processes, especially by allowing the comparison of different alternatives and helping set priorities for practical actions, as well as developing financial incentives or support mechanisms. We analyze whether an integrated economic valuation model for forest ES can be developed based on existing published data. To achieve this, we assess to which extent a benefit transfer could be expedient, and which challenges must be addressed. Based on a literature search, we compiled an extensive database of forest ES values. Given that these values vary substantially for the same ES, such a database alone does not seem useful to serve as a decision and management support tool. In addition, the available information mainly focuses on forests as such, and does not include desirable forest composition and management targets. If existing estimates should be transferred and used for forest management decisions, both the background conditions of the primary studies and the indicators used for valuation need to be specified in detail. The most expedient approach in this context seemed to be a valuation function transfer based on a broad set of indicators, offering the possibility to adapt the valuation function to changing background conditions.

International audience ; AbstractKey messageThere is no one-size-fits-all policy instrument to enhance wood mobilization. The success of implementing such policy measures can vary among countries and regions depending on the specific structural and institutional conditions as well as on behavioural aspects of the particular public and private decision makers.ContextForestry has a huge potential to contribute to a sustainable bio-economy by providing wood as a renewable resource. Making wood available to meet the future demand is one of the goals of forest policy and private initiatives.AimsUnderstanding the market behaviour of forest owners and managers is important to identify effective and efficient policy instruments that enhance wood provisioning.MethodsWe conducted a choice experiment at two study sites in south-eastern Germany (Upper Bavaria and Lower Franconia) and two in north-eastern Switzerland (Grisons and Aargau) to elicit foresters' preferences for different supply channels, contract lengths, wood prices and duration of business relations.ConclusionOur study site comparison identified regional differences and particularities, which should be taken into account when promoting wood mobilization. The success of policy instruments, such as the promotion of bundling organizations and long-term contracts, can vary depending on the specific structural and institutional conditions, like existing marketing channels, as well as on behavioural aspects of the particular public and private decision makers.

Abstract
Water-related disasters have caused increasing losses in recent years. Efficient risk reduction policies require accurate assessment approaches, with careful consideration of costs, beyond material damages, which are commonly used in practice. Faced with possible risk reduction scenarios, limited financial resources require an improvement in the quality of cost estimation, thereby contributing to an efficient allocation of resources. This paper reviews the concept of total cost in the context of water-related disasters, elaborating on the typical direct/indirect and tangible/intangible cost categories. These categories are defined and explained, supported by a comprehensive assessment of economic valuation methods. Based on this information, practice relevant suggestions are made concerning the most appropriate methods for different cases in terms of scale, availability of data and of technical resources.

Aufgrund des Klimawandels werden Schneedecke und Gletschermasse abnehmen, Niederschläge sich mehr in den Winter verschieben, und es muss mit häufigeren Sommertrockenheiten gerechnet werden. Gleichzeitig wird erwartet, dass die Nachfrage nach Wasser, insbesondere durch die Landwirtschaft, in den Sommermonaten zunehmen wird. In diesem Bericht wird aufgezeigt, welche Herausforderungen sich aus Sicht der Governance, der Ökologie, des Landschaftsschutzes und der Ökonomie für die Mehrzwecknutzung von Speichern stellen und wie diese gelöst werden können. Der Bericht zeigt, welche Herausforderungen für Wassernutzungen von Speichern in der Schweiz von besonderer Bedeutung sind: (1) Mangelnde Datengrundlage zu hydrologischen und sozio-ökonomischen Auswirkungen einer Mehrzwecknutzung; (2) Mangelndes Bewusstsein bezüglich (zukünftiger) saisonaler und regionaler Wasserknappheiten; (3) Ungenügende prozessuale und rechtliche Koordination verschiedener Nutzungen; (4) Mangelnde Strategien zum Umgang mit Wasserknappheit; (5) Mangelnde Anpassungsfähigkeit an den Klimawandel und an sozio-ökonomische Veränderungen; (6) Ungeklärte Zielkonflikte zwischen (a) Schutz- und Nutzungsinteressen und (b) zwischen Mitigation (Wasserkraft) und Anpassung (Bewässerung, Ökologie) an den Klimawandel. Folgende Ansätze im Umgang mit den Herausforderungen werden aufgezeigt: (1) Erhöhung des Bewusstseins in Bezug auf Wasserknappheiten und Erarbeitung von Datengrundlagen; (2) Umsetzung von konkreten Empfehlungen für die öffentliche Politik und Gesetze; und (3) Einhaltung von bestimmten Design-Kriterien bei partizipativen Prozessen zur Erarbeitung von Möglichkeiten einer Mehrzwecknutzung.

The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe's water bodies to "good ecological status" by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions – including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forests-carbon policy nexus.

The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe's water bodies to "good ecological status" by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions – including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forests-carbon policy nexus. ; The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe's water bodies to "good ecological status" by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions – including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forests-carbon policy nexus.