Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting treatment outcome in animals and humans. A pre-requisite for development of AMR reduction strategies is knowledge of antimicrobial use patterns, and how these affect resistance development. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial usage (AMU) and whether such usage was associated with AMR in Salmonella from poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. ; Published version ; An African Research Leader Award to INO from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Department supports INO for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also Jibril et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2021) 17:234 Page 8 of 10 part of the European Union EDCTP2 programme. The funder had no role in the implementation of the study.
In: Madoshi , B , Lupindu , A M , Mtambo , MMA , Muhairwa , A P & Olsen , J E 2017 , ' Risk factors for episodes of enteric disease in cattle wastes handlers in Tanzania ' , Tanzania Veterinary Journal , vol. 32 , no. 1 , pp. 41-47 .
This study explored risk factors associated with episodes of enteric disease in animal waste handlers as occupational hazards in Tanzania. A qualitative survey involving 124 animal waste handlers from Morogoro peri-urban and urban areas was carried out. Large number of respondents (84) had experienced enteric episodes, and among these handlers, 56.0 % had reported this to a health facility while 44.0% had consulted a nearby pharmacyor drug shop. Heaping was the most practiced method of storage or cattle waste (52.4%) and most farmers deposited wastes within living plots (71.0 %). The percentage of handlers who were aware of risks of acquiring enteric episodes in animal waste handlers was low (43.6 %. There was limited awareness of government guideline on handling such wastes (3.2%) and washing hands without soap was found to be the most common health measures taken after handling animal wastes (70.2 %). The handlers who had experienced enteric episodes were found to be those who had little knowledge on occupational hazards (p=0.000 and OR=20.5), limited knowledge on enteric zoonotic pathogens (p=0.019 and OR = 8.62), and experience on handling cattle wastes was statistically associated with enteric episodes (p=0.000 and OR = 13.5). In addition there was a statistical difference in knowledge when the families with cattle were compared to those who not keep cattle (p= 0.0002). This study shows that animal wastes handlers are frequently experiencing enteric diseases, most probably because they are exposed to enteropathogens. Therefore, training on proper measures to handle animal wastes, protect themselves and the environment are urgently needed.
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, and resistance genes in Salmonella, especially those located on mobile genetic elements, are part of the problem. This study used phenotypic and genomic methods to identify antimicrobial resistance and resistance genes, as well as the plasmids that bear them, in Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry in Nigeria. Seventy-four isolates were tested for susceptibility to eleven commonly used antimicrobials. Plasmid reconstruction and identification of resistance and virulence genes were performed with a draft genome using in silico approaches in parallel with plasmid extraction. Phenotypic resistance to ciprofloxacin (50.0%), gentamicin (48.6%), nalidixic acid (79.7%), sulphonamides (71.6%) and tetracycline (59.5%) was the most observed. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) detected in genomes corresponded well with these observations. Commonly observed ARGs included sul1, sul2, sul3, tet (A), tet (M), qnrS1, qnrB19 and a variety of aminoglycoside-modifying genes, in addition to point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. Multiple ARGs were predicted to be located on IncN and IncQ1 plasmids of S. Schwarzengrund and S. Muenster, and most qnrB19 genes were carried by Col (pHAD28) plasmids. Seventy-two percent (19/24) of S. Kentucky strains carried multidrug ARGs located in two distinct variants of Salmonella genomic island I. The majority of strains carried full SPI-1 and SPI-2 islands, suggesting full virulence potential ; This work was part-supported by an African Research Leader Award to INO from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union. VG acknowledges Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia for her post-doctoral grant (Grant Number ED481B-2018/018) ; SI
