Suchergebnisse

From 1990 to 2011, contraceptive use in Ethiopia increased ninefold and the total fertility rate fell from 7.0 to 4.8. These are two dramatic illustrations of a family planning success story that has emerged over the last two decades and is still emerging. What are the main elements of this success? We posit that the four most significant factors are: political will, generous donor support, nongovernmental and public–private partnerships, and the government's establishment of a network of health extension workers. In this study, we look at these factors and how their interaction increased the proportion of women having both the desire to use and ability to access contraceptives. Also highlighted are some of the key lessons learned in Ethiopia that are relevant to other African countries interested in emulating the country's success.

On January 17, 2004, our friend and colleague, Jim Townsend, died
peacefully in the midst of his family after a long illness. For many
years a leading figure among China scholars, Jim received his Ph.D.
from U.C. Berkeley in 1965. He was a member of the political science
department at Berkeley between 1963 and 1968 when he moved to the
University of Washington. He remained at the University of
Washington until he retired prematurely in 1992 after a diagnosis of
prostate cancer. Defying the odds, he continued to live a happy and
productive life for more than a decade after his retirement, a
decade during which he saw his beloved wife Sandy Perry through her
own losing battle with breast cancer.

This article examines the origins and development of living‐wage ordinances that have been passed in more than eighty cities and counties, and the nature of the local campaigns promoting their passage. Ordinance characteristics and a number of specific campaigns are described, and factors contributing to the success of local efforts are considered. Coalitions including labor movement, community, and religious organizations have been central to these efforts, and the potential political and organizing impact of this collaboration is discussed.

For a generation of political scientists witnessing dramatic declines in social and political participation and rising distrust in government at all levels, APSA President Margaret Levi's research program addresses fundamental issues concerning the bases for and effects of legitimacy, compliance, and consent in democratic regimes. Levi's scholarship has made pioneering contributions to understanding enduring questions about the conditions for and consequences of trust and distrust, compliance and resistance, and individual versus collective action. Animating this research agenda are Levi's commitment to greater authentic democratic participation, enhancing trust between the governed and those who govern, and the quest for social justice.

Background and Situation Analysis For more than 50 years, social marketing has been used to address a variety of health issues in the Global South, including the promotion and distribution of condoms for family planning and HIV prevention. Condom social marketers aim not just to increase sales of their own brands; they seek to increase demand for all condoms—whether it be through the commercial, non-profit or public sectors. The number of male condoms distributed through social marketing increased from 591 million in 27 countries in 1991 to more than 1.5 billion in 66 countries in 2020. Concurrent with this growth in the number of countries, the size of the condom markets also grew in most, if not all, of those countries. Target Audience(s) The primary audiences of condom social marketing programs are low income and high-risk populations in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean. They often focus on young people and high risk groups—such as sex workers and their partners, injecting drug users, soldiers, and migrant workers—who do not always have reliable access to affordable condoms. As condom social marketing programs mature, they often use market segmentation to add higher priced condoms aimed at middle-income and even higher-income consumers, and the profits are used to "cross-subsidize" the lower-priced brands. Behavioral Objective To increase purchase and use of condoms, particularly with low-income people and certain high risk individuals (such as young people, commercial sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men), by selling them through a wide variety of sales outlets at highly subsidized prices. Strategy The authors examined mature condom social marketing programs in Ethiopia, Brazil and Indonesia where the growth in condom social marketing was accompanied by similar growth of the total condom market. They looked at the evolution and sales of these three programs, and the larger condom universes in those countries. The authors were interested to know if social marketing programs help expand the larger condom markets, and not just grow sales of their own products. Results Based on the evidence, the authors believe that these three programs contributed significantly to creating larger markets even though there were surely other forces at work (such as changes in government policy or fears of being infected with HIV). This article adds to the limited literature on the effect of successful condom social marketing programs on their broader markets. Recommendations for Social Marketing Practice The authors make five recommendations for social marketers interested in replicating the success of these programs: 1) keeping one product in each product category highly affordable, 2) applying market segmentation through cross-subsidization, 3) showing flexibility in distribution, 4) pushing the limits on behavior change communication, and 5) building the product category ( Neugaard, 2008 ).