Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Argument in Brief -- Key Concepts-Free Trade and Protectionism -- Theoretical Relevance -- Research Design -- References -- 2 A Geography-Based Theory of Trade Policy -- Globalization and Trade Preferences in Commodity-Rich Countries: A Regional Perspective -- The Case for Trade Liberalization in Latin America -- The Insufficiency of Labor Market and Consumer-Oriented Theories -- The Regional Impact of Trade Reform in Commodity-Rich Countries -- The Problem with Alternative Geography-Based Approaches -- How Anti-trade Preferences Aggregate into Social Mobilizations -- The Initial Impact of Trade Liberalization on Societal Forces -- The Argument-New Vehicles for Experienced Actors -- Experienced Actors in More Industrialized Countries -- Experienced Actors in Less Industrialized Countries -- The Geographical Limits to Interest Representation -- How the Strategic Setting Affects Interest Representation -- Silent (Electoral) Majorities and Vocal (Mobilized) Minorities-What It Takes to Unravel Trade Reform -- The Electoral Geography of the Left Turn -- The Distance Factor: How Proximity Enforces Mandates -- Summary -- References -- 3 The Regional Impact of Free Trade: An Empirical Analysis -- Data and Measurement -- Peru -- From Asparagus to Zinc-The Varying Effects of Commodities on Trade Preferences in Peru -- Argentina -- Trade Preferences and Commodities in Argentina: An Empirical Analysis -- Bolivia -- Trade Preferences and Commodities in Bolivia: An Empirical Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Trade-Related Protests in Post-reform Latin America -- Peru -- Traditional Labor Unions -- Domestic Agrarian Producers -- Statistical Analysis -- Argentina -- Organizational Experience -- Geographic Concentration -- Statistical Analysis -- Bolivia.

The rapid rise of global Islamic Jihadism in the past few decades and the limited success of the anti-terror campaign in halting their expansion have raised hard-hitting questions about how different political actors might preserve and restore the world's peace and security. International law, since the end of the Second World War, has often been the chief instrument to address global conundrums of this kind. Nevertheless, in relation to this particular phenomenon, this book argues that international law, at worst, has very little to do to solve the problem and, at best, cannot solve it alone. On the one hand, Jihadist groups often cite Islamic law interpretations and argumentations to justify their combat-related actions against states while rejecting traditional international law rules. On the other hand, some of these states never hesitate to drift from traditional international law rules to justify their so-called counterterrorism measures to halt these groups from expanding on their territories. In these wars, the internationally recognized laws of war that were originally created to protect those who don't or no longer participate in hostilities are equally and constantly being challenged by the two sides to justify their combat actions. Thus, the ambition of this book is that, by examining the notion of Islamic Jihadism through a comparative and interdisciplinary approach between international law and Islamic law, international lawyers and policymakers will become more willing to engage with legal cultures other than the ones that they are used to, in order to ultimately reach their pursued objectives.

Based on extensive field work, this book analyzes how ISIS – a widely hated, massively outnumbered, and ludicrously outgunned organization – managed to occupy over 120 cities, towns, and villages from the Southern Philippines to Western Libya. Seeking to understand ISIS's combat effectiveness, Omar Ashour focuses on the military and tactical innovations of ISIS and their predecessors in Iraq, Syria, Libya, and Egypt. The author explains how their capacity to mix conventional military tactics with innovative guerrilla warfare and urban terrorism strategies allowed ISIS to expand and endure beyond expectations. This Ukrainian translation is supplemented by a special introduction on Russia's war against Ukraine and the ISIS tactics adoption by Russian troops (2014-2022).

This book answers why anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments. The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The contrast between Peru, on one side, and Argentina and Bolivia, on the other, highlights the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo. Omar Awapara is Director of Political Science at UPC (Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas) and Global Instructor at the University of Arizona, the USA.

Drawing from his field expertise as a legal advisor in the Middle East and North Africa, Omar Mekky narrates how Islamic Jihadism began and evolved, outlines the laws Jihadists apply during combat, addresses how states often respond to Jihadist groups, and aims for a pragmatic humanitarian legal formula grounded in insightful readings.

1. Introduction -- 2. A Geography-Based Theory of Trade Policy -- 3. The Regional Impact of Free Trade: An Empirical Analysis -- 4. Trade-related protests in post reform Latin America -- 5. Geography and Trade Reform in Latin America -- 6. Conclusions.