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One of the most pressing issues in the world today is the protection of children's rights. A major event in this area was the adoption of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. At the time of the development and adoption of the Convention, Ukraine and Azerbaijan were part of the USSR. However, the Ukrainian SSR, unlike the Azerbaijani SSR, was the primary founding member of the United Nations and therefore participated in the development and adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, like Turkey, whose observers also participated in this process. This article examines the participation of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the development and adoption of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, the adoption and ratification of the Convention is only the first step in the realization of children's rights at the national level. The national special laws of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the field of protection of children's rights are also studied. This article concludes on the different direction of the special laws of these countries. Moreover, there are some differences in the content of the laws, namely some of them includes not only rights, but also the duties of the child. The state of protection of children's rights in Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey is a priority and urgent issue in the state policy of these countries and needs to be improved. The conclusions provide recommendations for improving the legislation of these countries.

One of the most pressing issues in the world today is the protection of children's rights. A major event in this area was the adoption of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. At the time of the development and adoption of the Convention, Ukraine and Azerbaijan were part of the USSR. However, the Ukrainian SSR, unlike the Azerbaijani SSR, was the primary founding member of the United Nations and therefore participated in the development and adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, like Turkey, whose observers also participated in this process. This article examines the participation of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the development and adoption of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, the adoption and ratification of the Convention is only the first step in the realization of children's rights at the national level. The national special laws of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the field of protection of children's rights are also studied. This article concludes on the different direction of the special laws of these countries. Moreover, there are some differences in the content of the laws, namely some of them includes not only rights, but also the duties of the child. The state of protection of children's rights in Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey is a priority and urgent issue in the state policy of these countries and needs to be improved. The conclusions provide recommendations for improving the legislation of these countries. ; Исследуется участие Украины, Азербайджана и Турции в разработке и принятии Конвенции ООН о правах ребенка 1989 г. Анализируется деятельность представителей и наблюдателей Украины и Турции в деятельности рабочей группы комитета ООН по правам человека по подготовке текста Конвенции. Также исследуются национальные специальные законы Украины, Азербайджана и Турции в сфере защиты прав детей. В выводах даются рекомендации по усовершенствованию законодательства этих стран. ; Досліджено участь України, Азербайджану та Туреччині у розробленні й прийнятті Конвенції ООН про права дитини 1989 р. Проаналізовано діяльність представників та спостерігачів України і Туреччини у діяльності робочої групи комітету ООН з прав людини з підготовки тексту Конвенції. Також досліджено національні спеціальні закони України, Азербайджану та Туреччини щодо захисту прав дітей. Надано рекомендації щодо удосконалення законодавства цих країн.

One of the most pressing issues in the world today is the protection of children's rights. A major event in this area was the adoption of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. At the time of the development and adoption of the Convention, Ukraine and Azerbaijan were part of the USSR. However, the Ukrainian SSR, unlike the Azerbaijani SSR, was the primary founding member of the United Nations and therefore participated in the development and adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, like Turkey, whose observers also participated in this process. This article examines the participation of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the development and adoption of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, the adoption and ratification of the Convention is only the first step in the realization of children's rights at the national level. The national special laws of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the field of protection of children's rights are also studied. This article concludes on the different direction of the special laws of these countries. Moreover, there are some differences in the content of the laws, namely some of them includes not only rights, but also the duties of the child. The state of protection of children's rights in Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkey is a priority and urgent issue in the state policy of these countries and needs to be improved. The conclusions provide recommendations for improving the legislation of these countries

This article studies establishment of juvenile courts in some European countries and Ukraine. Also the provisions of the constitutions of some European countries of the first third of the twentieth century concerning the rights of children and the consolidation of children's rights in sectoral legislation in Europe and Ukraine are examined. Experience of some European countries and Ukraine is summarized in the final conclusions and reader finds some recommendations for the Ukrainian legislators.

AbstractLeon Wansleben's new book, The Rise of Central Banks: State Power in Financial Capitalism, tells an intricately complex story of the world's most influential central banks successfully harnessing the forces of financial globalization to build their institutional power as the principal managers of their national economies. The book argues that, regardless of central banks' rationales and rationalizations, the resulting expansion of global money markets has failed to generate the intended macroeconomic and societal benefits. Instead, as became evident in the post-2008 era, the world's most powerful central banks are now structurally dependent on the increasingly self-referential markets for financial assets. While the book's narrative is focused on inflation targeting and other monetary policy innovations since the 1970s, it raises much broader questions and invites further reflection on the nonlinear dynamics of power in today's financial markets and the uncertain future of central banks.

The COVID-19 crisis underscored the urgency of digitizing sovereign money and ensuring universal access to banking services. It pushed two related ideas—the issuance of central bank digital currency and the provision of retail deposit accounts by central banks-—to the forefront of the public policy debate. To date, however, the debate has not produced a coherent vision of how democratizing access to central bank money would—and should—transform and democratize the entire financial system. This lack of a systemic perspective obscures the enormity of the challenge and dilutes our ability to tackle it. This Article takes up that challenge. It offers a blueprint for a comprehensive restructuring of the central bank balance sheet as the basis for redesigning the core architecture of modern finance. Focusing on the U.S. Federal Reserve System ("the Fed"), the Article outlines a series of structural reforms that would radically redefine the role of a central bank as the ultimate public platform for generating, modulating, and allocating financial resources in a democratic economy-—the People's Ledger. On the liability side of the ledger, the Article envisions the complete migration of demand deposit accounts to the Fed's balance sheet and explores the full range of new, more direct and more flexible, monetary policy tools enabled by this shift. On the asset side, it advocates a comprehensive qualitative restructuring of the Fed's investment portfolio, which would maximize its capacity to channel credit to productive uses in the nation's economy. This compositional overhaul of the Fed's balance sheet would fundamentally alter the operations and systemic footprints of private banks, funds, derivatives dealers, and other financial institutions and markets. Analyzing these structural implications, the Article shows how the proposed reforms would make the financial system less complex, more stable, and more efficient in serving the long-term needs of the American people.