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The objective of this new work, entitled For a (social) History of French "Social Sciences" (1944-1986), is to propose a reinterpretation of a history that is very rarely approached in a global manner. While there is an abundance of work on the "great men" of the period or on movements such as structuralism, and while there is a vivid revival of microhistory and discipline-specific work, a general social history of research collectives and categories has yet to be written.The first part examines how a small group of men born between the end of the nineteenth century and 1914 invested a set of new or regenerated institutions dating from the Liberation and the following years to turn them into research enterprises, poor at first, then better endowed from the mid-1950s onwards, with the rise of funding from the state and other actors. The institutions that were created experienced strong growth, leading their leaders to recruit more and more staff, and increasingly in a precarious form, relying on a few lieutenants. The social structure that took shape over the next 20 years was pyramidal in nature, based on the first massification of the university and on a doctrine of a research developed out of public service. The crisis of May-June 1968 revealed a growing unease with the hierarchies that had emerged during the period, which had their counterpart in the gradual and staggered institutionalization of "new" disciplines (sociology, economics, ethnology, political science). The political changeover in 1981 led to a clear modification of the scientific policy that had been developed until then.The second part looks at the hyperonymic (encompassing) and semantic uses of "social sciences" over the same period. After first indicating precedents dating back to the 1930s, the work shows how the category gradually became institutionalized at the CNRS (from 1966) and at the DGRST. It then shows the relationship of this institutionalization with the categories in use by external funders (American foundations, UNESCO), for ...

The objective of this new work, entitled For a (social) History of French "Social Sciences" (1944-1986), is to propose a reinterpretation of a history that is very rarely approached in a global manner. While there is an abundance of work on the "great men" of the period or on movements such as structuralism, and while there is a vivid revival of microhistory and discipline-specific work, a general social history of research collectives and categories has yet to be written.The first part examines how a small group of men born between the end of the nineteenth century and 1914 invested a set of new or regenerated institutions dating from the Liberation and the following years to turn them into research enterprises, poor at first, then better endowed from the mid-1950s onwards, with the rise of funding from the state and other actors. The institutions that were created experienced strong growth, leading their leaders to recruit more and more staff, and increasingly in a precarious form, relying on a few lieutenants. The social structure that took shape over the next 20 years was pyramidal in nature, based on the first massification of the university and on a doctrine of a research developed out of public service. The crisis of May-June 1968 revealed a growing unease with the hierarchies that had emerged during the period, which had their counterpart in the gradual and staggered institutionalization of "new" disciplines (sociology, economics, ethnology, political science). The political changeover in 1981 led to a clear modification of the scientific policy that had been developed until then.The second part looks at the hyperonymic (encompassing) and semantic uses of "social sciences" over the same period. After first indicating precedents dating back to the 1930s, the work shows how the category gradually became institutionalized at the CNRS (from 1966) and at the DGRST. It then shows the relationship of this institutionalization with the categories in use by external funders (American foundations, UNESCO), for ...

International audience ; This article summarizes what is actually well-known about the evolution of French geography during the 60's and the 70's and then focuses on political and epistemological changes that appeared immediately or following in wake of 1968's events. It first shows how the geographic community more or less maintained social and political consensus and homogeneity through its demographic expansion during post-war decades, which price was an epistemological conservatism and a static equilibrium between old constituents of the discipline. Then it depicts how Departments of Geography in universities were mobilized during the months of contestation (May-July 1968), mixing a global involvement within the national movement and a local reform of geographical communities and institutions, that shows a conformist view of what geography is, similar to common idiosyncratic self-representations mastered by geographic leaders. Lastly, it explores the political break-ups that immediately followed the 1968 crisis and the more delayed rise of a scientific criticism called "nouvelle géographie" and partly inspired by the English-American "new geography", but specific in the way it mixes political and epistemological dimensions. ; Cet article fait le point sur les évolutions qu'a connues la géographie française durant les décennies 1960 et 1970 et met l'accent sur les transformations politico-syndicales et épistémologiques survenues, immédiatement ou avec un certain délai, à l'issue des Événements de 68. Il met en lumière dans un premier temps le relatif consensus et l'homogénéité d'une corporation dont l'expansion démographique dans l'après-guerre s'est faite sans transformation majeure des manières de faire ou des équilibres internes. Il explore ensuite la trajectoire des instituts et sections de géographie durant le mouvement de mai-juillet 68, qui à la fois participent à la dynamique contestataire générale et réinventent leur fonctionnement interne, tout en voulant réformer dans un sens assez légitimiste les contenus d'enseignement. Enfin, il indique comment des processus de clivage interviennent essentiellement après la crise elle-même : politiques d'abord, avec l'émergence et la cristallisation d'une droite géographique jusque là évanescente ; scientifique ensuite, avec le développement du processus contestataire souvent appelé « nouvelle géographie »

International audience ; This article summarizes what is actually well-known about the evolution of French geography during the 60's and the 70's and then focuses on political and epistemological changes that appeared immediately or following in wake of 1968's events. It first shows how the geographic community more or less maintained social and political consensus and homogeneity through its demographic expansion during post-war decades, which price was an epistemological conservatism and a static equilibrium between old constituents of the discipline. Then it depicts how Departments of Geography in universities were mobilized during the months of contestation (May-July 1968), mixing a global involvement within the national movement and a local reform of geographical communities and institutions, that shows a conformist view of what geography is, similar to common idiosyncratic self-representations mastered by geographic leaders. Lastly, it explores the political break-ups that immediately followed the 1968 crisis and the more delayed rise of a scientific criticism called "nouvelle géographie" and partly inspired by the English-American "new geography", but specific in the way it mixes political and epistemological dimensions. ; Cet article fait le point sur les évolutions qu'a connues la géographie française durant les décennies 1960 et 1970 et met l'accent sur les transformations politico-syndicales et épistémologiques survenues, immédiatement ou avec un certain délai, à l'issue des Événements de 68. Il met en lumière dans un premier temps le relatif consensus et l'homogénéité d'une corporation dont l'expansion démographique dans l'après-guerre s'est faite sans transformation majeure des manières de faire ou des équilibres internes. Il explore ensuite la trajectoire des instituts et sections de géographie durant le mouvement de mai-juillet 68, qui à la fois participent à la dynamique contestataire générale et réinventent leur fonctionnement interne, tout en voulant réformer dans un sens assez légitimiste les contenus d'enseignement. Enfin, il indique comment des processus de clivage interviennent essentiellement après la crise elle-même : politiques d'abord, avec l'émergence et la cristallisation d'une droite géographique jusque là évanescente ; scientifique ensuite, avec le développement du processus contestataire souvent appelé « nouvelle géographie »

International audience ; This article summarizes what is actually well-known about the evolution of French geography during the 60's and the 70's and then focuses on political and epistemological changes that appeared immediately or following in wake of 1968's events. It first shows how the geographic community more or less maintained social and political consensus and homogeneity through its demographic expansion during post-war decades, which price was an epistemological conservatism and a static equilibrium between old constituents of the discipline. Then it depicts how Departments of Geography in universities were mobilized during the months of contestation (May-July 1968), mixing a global involvement within the national movement and a local reform of geographical communities and institutions, that shows a conformist view of what geography is, similar to common idiosyncratic self-representations mastered by geographic leaders. Lastly, it explores the political break-ups that immediately followed the 1968 crisis and the more delayed rise of a scientific criticism called "nouvelle géographie" and partly inspired by the English-American "new geography", but specific in the way it mixes political and epistemological dimensions. ; Cet article fait le point sur les évolutions qu'a connues la géographie française durant les décennies 1960 et 1970 et met l'accent sur les transformations politico-syndicales et épistémologiques survenues, immédiatement ou avec un certain délai, à l'issue des Événements de 68. Il met en lumière dans un premier temps le relatif consensus et l'homogénéité d'une corporation dont l'expansion démographique dans l'après-guerre s'est faite sans transformation majeure des manières de faire ou des équilibres internes. Il explore ensuite la trajectoire des instituts et sections de géographie durant le mouvement de mai-juillet 68, qui à la fois participent à la dynamique contestataire générale et réinventent leur fonctionnement interne, tout en voulant réformer dans un sens assez légitimiste les ...

Résumé Ce point critique examine les ouvrages savants parus à l'occasion du quarantième anniversaire de Mai 68, en amont des manifestations commémoratives : sommes encyclopédiques, panoramas historiographiques, vulgarisation. À partir d'une analyse formelle, il interprète la séquence éditoriale comme une tentative de reprise en main de l'objet faisant prévaloir les démarches historicistes et poly-explicatives. Elle consacre ce faisant l'émergence – inédite – de « spécialistes » de 68.