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Is the Arctic sufficiently distinctive and uniform to justify adopting a holistic perspective in thinking about the future of the region? Or do we need to acknowledge that the Arctic encompasses a number of different subregions whose futures may diverge more or less profoundly? In the aftermath of the Cold War, a view of the Arctic as a distinctive region with a policy agenda of its own arose in many quarters and played a prominent role in shaping initiatives such as the launching of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy in 1991 and the creation of the Arctic Council in 1996. Yet not everyone found this perspective persuasive at the time, and more recent developments have raised new questions about the usefulness of this perspective as a basis for thinking about the future of the Arctic. As a result, some observers take the view that we need to think more about future Arctics than about Arctic futures. Yet, today, climate change provides a central thread tying together multiple perspectives on the Arctic. The dramatic onset of climate change has turned the Arctic into the frontline with regard to the challenges of adapting to a changing biophysical setting. Ironically, the impacts of climate change also have increased the accessibility of massive reserves of hydrocarbons located in the Arctic, contributing to a feedback loop accelerating climate change. This means that the future of the Arctic will reflect the interplay between efforts to address the biophysical and socioeconomic consequences of climate change on the one hand and the influence of the driving forces underlying the political economy of energy development on the other.

International environmental regimes—especially those regimes articulated in multilateral environmental agreements—have been a subject of intense interest within the scientific community over the last three decades. However, there are substantial differences of opinion regarding the effectiveness of these governance systems or the degree to which they are successful in solving the problems leading to their creation. This article provides a critical review of the literature on this topic. It extracts and summarizes what is known about the effectiveness of environmental regimes in the form of a series of general and specific propositions. It identifies promising topics for consideration in the next phase of research in this field. Additionally, it comments on the research strategies available to pursue this line of analysis. The general conclusions are that international environmental regimes can and do make a difference, although often in conjunction with a number of other factors, and that a strategy of using a number of tools combined can help to improve understanding of the determinants of success.

This review article addresses the question: What lessons can we learn from work published in International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics regarding the politics of multilateral environmental agreements? What are the implications of these lessons for those responsible for creating and administering these agreements? Based on an analysis of 147 articles published over the past 20 years, the article explores issues of institutional design, institutional politics, implementation, and effectiveness. It concludes that key conditions for success in this realm include: (a) developing a toolkit that is not limited to rules-based governance, (b) paying attention to matters of implementation, (c) bearing in mind the overall regime complex, (d) developing effective leadership based on credibility and accountability, and (e) allowing for institutional adaptation.

Abstract Many efforts to solve environmental problems arising at the international or transnational level meet with limited success or even end in outright failure. But some efforts of this sort succeed. We construct an analytical model of such efforts leading to the conclusion that an ability to steer a course that avoids the twin perils of institutional reductionism and institutional overload is necessary to achieve success in this realm. We examine a range of risk factors or conditions likely to push processes of regime formation and implementation into one or the other of these pitfalls. We then analyze response strategies or procedures that negotiators and administrators can adopt to steer a course between the two perils, taking into account distinctive features of specific problems. We turn to marine issues to illustrate our reasoning. But the argument is applicable to the entire range of efforts to create and implement international environmental regimes.

In this timely book, leading scholar Oran Young reflects on the future of the global order. Developing new lenses through which to consider needs for governance arising on a global scale, Young investigates the grand challenges of the 21st century requiring the most urgent and sustained planetary responses: protecting the Earth's climate system; controlling the eruption of pandemics; suppressing disruptive uses of cyberspace; and guiding the biotechnology revolution

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- CHAPTER 1 The Stages of International Regime Formation -- CHAPTER 2 International Cooperation in the Arctic -- CHAPTER 3 Agenda Formation: The Finnish Initiative and the Norwegian Initiative -- CHAPTER 4 Negotiation: The Roads to Rovaniemi and Kirkenes -- CHAPTER 5 Operationalization: Activating the AEPS and the BEAR -- CHAPTER 6 Comparing the Stages of Regime Formation -- APPENDIX A: Declaration on the Protection of the Arctic Environment -- APPENDIX B: Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy -- APPENDIX C: Declaration on Cooperation in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Governance without Government -- 2. Regime Tasks and Types -- 3. The Problem of Problem Structure -- 4. Is Enforcement the Achilles' Heel of International Regimes? -- 5. The Effectiveness of International Regimes -- 6. Toward a Theory of Institutional Change -- 7. Institutional Interplay in International Society -- 8. Regime Theory: Past, Present, and Future -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction: The "New Institutionalism" in International Relations -- 1. International Environmental Governance -- ILLUSTRATIVE CASES -- 2. Negotiating a Global Climate Regime -- 3. Managing the Arctic's Shared Natural Resources -- THEORETICAL CONCERNS -- 4. Institutional Bargaining: Creating International Governance Systems -- 5. Bargaining Leverage versus Structural Power in the Formation of Governance Systems -- 6. The Effectiveness of International Governance Systems -- CONCEPTUAL LINKAGES -- 7. Governance Systems and International Organizations -- 8. Governance Systems and International Legal Regimes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z