This report identifies the driving forces for reforestation in three villages of Northern Vietnam. Using an institutional analysis focused on the rules governing upland access and use, the authors assess the relative impact of state policies (reforestation programs and forestland allocation) on land use change. Findings show that the latter are indirectly responsible for reforestation, but not because of the incentives they provided. Instead, they disrupted the local rules governing annual crop cultivation and grazing activities leading to the end of annual cropping. Tree plantation was chosen by farmers as a last resort option. Lessons learned highlight the importance of local level studies and collective rules for land management.
This article identifies drivers of forest transition in a province of Northern Vietnam between 1993 and 2000 by applying geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis to remotely sensed and statistical data. The regression model highlighted the spatial variation of the relationship between the percentage of land afforested and its proximate causes. Factors identified as having a major impact on afforestation are: the presence or proximity of a wood-processing industry, the distance to highways, and land allocation to households. Whereas the two former variables are in most areas of the province positively correlated with afforestation, an unexpected negative correlation was observed for the latter. The analysis of these results, supported by an in-depth knowledge of the area and of the political context, leads to the conclusion that, during the time period considered, afforestation was largely driven by state organisations on protected state-owned land, and forestry was not a significant component of household economic activities.
International audience ; Based on two case studies conducted at local sites in Northern Thailand and Lao PDR, the objectives of this paper are (i) to assess whether conditions for the establishment of PES at the watershed level exist in the uplands of mainland SE Asia and (ii) to examine and discuss limitations that are likely to impinge on direct transfer of the PES concept as well as the institutional adaptations and support that are required for the successful implementation of PES markets in this regional context. The study's main findings are that: (i) acceptance of PES principles and constraints are directly related to stakeholders' perception of their land rights irrespective of their actual rights; (ii) willingness to pay (WTP) is very low among local stakeholders, making any PES market unlikely to emerge without external support; (iii) the classical scheme for watershed services hardly applies in its original form because environmental service (ES) providers and buyers are generally the same people; (iv) where potential ES buyers feel that ES providers are better-off or wealthier than them, they do not have any WTP for ES; (v) good governance, including a strong liaising at various levels between people and the authorities is a strong prerequisite for the successful establishment of PES markets, even without direct government funding.
International audience ; Based on two case studies conducted at local sites in Northern Thailand and Lao PDR, the objectives of this paper are (i) to assess whether conditions for the establishment of PES at the watershed level exist in the uplands of mainland SE Asia and (ii) to examine and discuss limitations that are likely to impinge on direct transfer of the PES concept as well as the institutional adaptations and support that are required for the successful implementation of PES markets in this regional context. The study's main findings are that: (i) acceptance of PES principles and constraints are directly related to stakeholders' perception of their land rights irrespective of their actual rights; (ii) willingness to pay (WTP) is very low among local stakeholders, making any PES market unlikely to emerge without external support; (iii) the classical scheme for watershed services hardly applies in its original form because environmental service (ES) providers and buyers are generally the same people; (iv) where potential ES buyers feel that ES providers are better-off or wealthier than them, they do not have any WTP for ES; (v) good governance, including a strong liaising at various levels between people and the authorities is a strong prerequisite for the successful establishment of PES markets, even without direct government funding.
International audience ; Based on two case studies conducted at local sites in Northern Thailand and Lao PDR, the objectives of this paper are (i) to assess whether conditions for the establishment of PES at the watershed level exist in the uplands of mainland SE Asia and (ii) to examine and discuss limitations that are likely to impinge on direct transfer of the PES concept as well as the institutional adaptations and support that are required for the successful implementation of PES markets in this regional context. The study's main findings are that: (i) acceptance of PES principles and constraints are directly related to stakeholders' perception of their land rights irrespective of their actual rights; (ii) willingness to pay (WTP) is very low among local stakeholders, making any PES market unlikely to emerge without external support; (iii) the classical scheme for watershed services hardly applies in its original form because environmental service (ES) providers and buyers are generally the same people; (iv) where potential ES buyers feel that ES providers are better-off or wealthier than them, they do not have any WTP for ES; (v) good governance, including a strong liaising at various levels between people and the authorities is a strong prerequisite for the successful establishment of PES markets, even without direct government funding.
International audience Based on two case studies conducted at local sites in Northern Thailand and Lao PDR, the objectives of this paper are (i) to assess whether conditions for the establishment of PES at the watershed level exist in the uplands of mainland SE Asia and (ii) to examine and discuss limitations that are likely to impinge on direct transfer of the PES concept as well as the institutional adaptations and support that are required for the successful implementation of PES markets in this regional context. The study's main findings are that: (i) acceptance of PES principles and constraints are directly related to stakeholders' perception of their land rights irrespective of their actual rights; (ii) willingness to pay (WTP) is very low among local stakeholders, making any PES market unlikely to emerge without external support; (iii) the classical scheme for watershed services hardly applies in its original form because environmental service (ES) providers and buyers are generally the same people; (iv) where potential ES buyers feel that ES providers are better-off or wealthier than them, they do not have any WTP for ES; (v) good governance, including a strong liaising at various levels between people and the authorities is a strong prerequisite for the successful establishment of PES markets, even without direct government funding.
International audience ; Based on two case studies conducted at local sites in Northern Thailand and Lao PDR, the objectives of this paper are (i) to assess whether conditions for the establishment of PES at the watershed level exist in the uplands of mainland SE Asia and (ii) to examine and discuss limitations that are likely to impinge on direct transfer of the PES concept as well as the institutional adaptations and support that are required for the successful implementation of PES markets in this regional context. The study's main findings are that: (i) acceptance of PES principles and constraints are directly related to stakeholders' perception of their land rights irrespective of their actual rights; (ii) willingness to pay (WTP) is very low among local stakeholders, making any PES market unlikely to emerge without external support; (iii) the classical scheme for watershed services hardly applies in its original form because environmental service (ES) providers and buyers are generally the same people; (iv) where potential ES buyers feel that ES providers are better-off or wealthier than them, they do not have any WTP for ES; (v) good governance, including a strong liaising at various levels between people and the authorities is a strong prerequisite for the successful establishment of PES markets, even without direct government funding.
Based on two case studies conducted at local sites in Northern Thailand and Lao PDR, the objectives of this paper are (i) to assess whether conditions for the establishment of PES at the watershed level exist in the uplands of mainland SE Asia and (ii) to examine and discuss limitations that are likely to impinge on direct transfer of the PES concept as well as the institutional adaptations and support that are required for the successful implementation of PES markets in this regional context. The study's main findings are that: (i) acceptance of PES principles and constraints are directly related to stakeholders' perception of their land rights irrespective of their actual rights; (ii) willingness to pay (WTP) is very low among local stakeholders, making any PES market unlikely to emerge without external support; (iii) the classical scheme for watershed services hardly applies in its original form because environmental service (ES) providers and buyers are generally the same people; (iv) where potential ES buyers feel that ES providers are better-off or wealthier than them, they do not have any WTP for ES; (v) good governance, including a strong liaising at various levels between people and the authorities is a strong prerequisite for the successful establishment of PES markets, even without direct government funding.
Poster presented at the RECOFTC Conference on "Poverty Reduction and Forests: Tenure, Market and Policy Reforms?, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-7 September 2007 ; Many Asian countries have recently devolved land use rights to households and communities. Often largely supported by donors and non-governmental international organizations, the success of these initiatives in improving livelihoods and forest or land management has been challenged by an increasing number of scholars for the last few years. Based on the case study of the Northern uplands of Vietnam, this paper investigates why forestland allocation has hardly achieved its intended objectives regarding land use and management. Results suggest that the gaps between stated intentions and outcomes result from inappropriate institutions and erroneous beliefs often linked with the economic and political context. We encourage the adoption of a similar multi-level framework focusing on actors' incentives and beliefs to understand policy discrepancies and better guide future policies.
Through the lens of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, the paper analyses how the combination of reforestation programs and households uplands allocation has significantly altered land management in a commune of Northern Vietnam. Based on a three villages' case study, we argue that the government policies implemented in the end of the 1990s have not only impacted on individual farmer land-use, but has also induced the collapse of existing informal institutional arrangements governing uplands management. In turn this has had repercussions on farmers' strategies and households' resilience. For instance, important changes in land access and land-use rights broke up the subtle collective rules that enabled grazing and cropping systems co-existence. Further to the analysis of policies' impacts on land use and farmers livelihoods, this study examines how, and under what conditions for a three decade period, farmers have been able to adopt new strategies, new land management systems and new institutional arrangements. Furthermore, we make recommendations for policy-making: on the one hand, directions for new policies development and on the other, advice to champion policies which match impacts to pursued objectives. We adopt a political ecology perspective by focusing on institutions and policies as driving forces for environmental change, and propose a comprehensive approach for analyzing land-use change in mountainous areas. Methodology for data analysis combines the use of the IAD, a rigorous institutional framework that has been widely used in the field of the commons studies, with an historical perspective. The approach integrates environmental, social, and economic factors – from the micro to the macro level – to explain how uniform national policies have lead to different farmers' strategies and distinct upland management systems.
Through the lens of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, the paper analyses how the combination of reforestation programs and households uplands allocation has significantly altered land management in a commune of Northern Vietnam. Based on a three villages' case study, we argue that the government policies implemented in the end of the 1990s have not only impacted on individual farmer land-use, but has also induced the collapse of existing informal institutional arrangements governing uplands management. In turn this has had repercussions on farmers' strategies and households' resilience. For instance, important changes in land access and land-use rights broke up the subtle collective rules that enabled grazing and cropping systems co-existence. Further to the analysis of policies' impacts on land use and farmers livelihoods, this study examines how, and under what conditions for a three decade period, farmers have been able to adopt new strategies, new land management systems and new institutional arrangements. Furthermore, we make recommendations for policy-making: on the one hand, directions for new policies development and on the other, advice to champion policies which match impacts to pursued objectives. We adopt a political ecology perspective by focusing on institutions and policies as driving forces for environmental change, and propose a comprehensive approach for analyzing land-use change in mountainous areas. Methodology for data analysis combines the use of the IAD, a rigorous institutional framework that has been widely used in the field of the commons studies, with an historical perspective. The approach integrates environmental, social, and economic factors – from the micro to the macro level – to explain how uniform national policies have lead to different farmers' strategies and distinct upland management systems.
Tandis que les zones de montagne moins peuplées apportent les ressources en eau qui permettent aux plaines de prospérer, les habitants des zones montagneuses continuent à souffrir de pauvreté, de faibles productivités agricoles accompagnées de dégradation environnementale. Une solution à ce paradigme semble être la mobilisation mutuelle de toutes parties prenantes via des mécanismes incitatifs de type PES (Payment for Environmental Services). L'idée est de relier politiques agricoles et stratégies individuelles dans une même action répondant aux contraintes physiques, économiques et culturelles des milieux physiques et humains en même temps qu'aux contraintes institutionnelles pour une bonne gouvernance. Un meilleur lien entre terres de pente et plaines devrait garantir un usage durable des terres de pente sans risque pour les plaines.
Tandis que les zones de montagne moins peuplées apportent les ressources en eau qui permettent aux plaines de prospérer, les habitants des zones montagneuses continuent à souffrir de pauvreté, de faibles productivités agricoles accompagnées de dégradation environnementale. Une solution à ce paradigme semble être la mobilisation mutuelle de toutes parties prenantes via des mécanismes incitatifs de type PES (Payment for Environmental Services). L'idée est de relier politiques agricoles et stratégies individuelles dans une même action répondant aux contraintes physiques, économiques et culturelles des milieux physiques et humains en même temps qu'aux contraintes institutionnelles pour une bonne gouvernance. Un meilleur lien entre terres de pente et plaines devrait garantir un usage durable des terres de pente sans risque pour les plaines.
Tandis que les zones de montagne moins peuplées apportent les ressources en eau qui permettent aux plaines de prospérer, les habitants des zones montagneuses continuent à souffrir de pauvreté, de faibles productivités agricoles accompagnées de dégradation environnementale. Une solution à ce paradigme semble être la mobilisation mutuelle de toutes parties prenantes via des mécanismes incitatifs de type PES (Payment for Environmental Services). L'idée est de relier politiques agricoles et stratégies individuelles dans une même action répondant aux contraintes physiques, économiques et culturelles des milieux physiques et humains en même temps qu'aux contraintes institutionnelles pour une bonne gouvernance. Un meilleur lien entre terres de pente et plaines devrait garantir un usage durable des terres de pente sans risque pour les plaines.
Tandis que les zones de montagne moins peuplées apportent les ressources en eau qui permettent aux plaines de prospérer, les habitants des zones montagneuses continuent à souffrir de pauvreté, de faibles productivités agricoles accompagnées de dégradation environnementale. Une solution à ce paradigme semble être la mobilisation mutuelle de toutes parties prenantes via des mécanismes incitatifs de type PES (Payment for Environmental Services). L'idée est de relier politiques agricoles et stratégies individuelles dans une même action répondant aux contraintes physiques, économiques et culturelles des milieux physiques et humains en même temps qu'aux contraintes institutionnelles pour une bonne gouvernance. Un meilleur lien entre terres de pente et plaines devrait garantir un usage durable des terres de pente sans risque pour les plaines.
