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Autarkic ideology and economic policies were central features of the interwar period in Europe. Despite autarky's connection to geographical concepts such as space, resources and population, its historical impact has been relatively little explored in the literature. In this article, we first present how the concept of 'autarky' conflates two etymological meanings: self-sufficiency and authoritarianism. We then explore this duality, using archival sources, by examining the social and economic policies applied to the fishing sector in Francoist Spain between 1939 and 1951. On the one hand, we examine the repression and transformation of the fishers' social world. On the other, we study the impact of public policies on the marine fishing fleet, underlining the importance of the militaristic guidelines that shaped the reforms. We argue that these autarkic reforms have had long-term consequences that are still visible today. They represented a rupture for the associative environment of fishers and shaped the future characteristics of the fleet, as well as its pattern of geographical expansion.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Agricultural international policies still base their decision-making process on tools that consider the agri-food system rather stable or, at most, as facing uncertainty conditions. Used tools to support international agricultural policies include future projections of agricultural prices and production– e.g. Agricultural Outlook projections-, which are designed for scenarios where we face risk or uncertainty. However, comparisons between predictions and reality indicate that these approaches are limited. Given the relevance of agricultural international policies for the life of millions and the impact on the environment, including initiatives linked to global environmental change, the framework used to develop such policies has to be clearly defined. We argue that ignorance could be a more appropriate framework in which to base international agricultural policies. This implies that the element of surprise shall be considered as an intrinsic, rather than exceptional, component of the system, and other principles should be introduced.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Agricultural international policies still base their decision-making process on tools that consider the agri-food system rather stable or, at most, as facing uncertainty conditions. Used tools to support international agricultural policies include future projections of agricultural prices and production– e.g. Agricultural Outlook projections-, which are designed for scenarios where we face risk or uncertainty. However, comparisons between predictions and reality indicate that these approaches are limited. Given the relevance of agricultural international policies for the life of millions and the impact on the environment, including initiatives linked to global environmental change, the framework used to develop such policies has to be clearly defined. We argue that ignorance could be a more appropriate framework in which to base international agricultural policies. This implies that the element of surprise shall be considered as an intrinsic, rather than exceptional, component of the system, and other principles should be introduced.

La crisis alimentaria del año 2008 situó en la agenda política, una vez más, uno de los retos globales más importantes que la humanidad debe afrontar: satisfacer el derecho a la alimentación de una manera sostenible. La Soberanía Alimentaria es un concepto, propuesto y desarrollado por numerosas organizaciones campesinas, que puede contribuir al objetivo planteado. No obstante para aumentar el alcance de sus propuestas necesita desarrollar herramientas que permitan fortalecer y sistematizar su discurso en el ámbito internacional. Este artículo trata de apoyar dicho proceso mediante la creación de un panel de indicadores coherente con los principios de la Soberanía Alimentaria, que pueda ser utilizado por gobiernos y organismos multilaterales. Para ello, se ha realizado una profunda revisión de los indicadores ya existentes y que son actualmente utilizados por organismos internacionales en ámbitos diversos como el desarrollo, el medio ambiente y la producción de alimentos. Se han analizado más de 350 grupos de indicadores, clasificándolos en categorías y subcategorías previamente definidas tras un análisis discursivo del concepto de Soberanía Alimentaria. Posteriormente se han analizado los resultados obtenidos seleccionado los indicadores más importantes e identificado las subcategorías para las cuales no hay en la actualidad indicadores adecuados o suficientes ; In 2008, the food crisis put in the political agenda, once again, one of the most urgent global challenges that humanity need to face: fulfilling the right to food for all the humanity in a sustainable way. In this context, Food Sovereignty is a new and increasingly important concept developed and proposed by peasant organizations whose aim is to achieve a new food system that tackles these issues. In order to increase its importance Food Sovereignty proposal needs tools that systematize and reinforce its discourse at the international scale. In this paper we propose a panel of international indicators that is coherent with the Food Sovereignty principles. The indicators panel is designed to be used by governments and multilateral organizations. In order to do so, we have performed a complete revision of currently used indicators by some of the main international organizations on issues as sustainable development, human development, food security, etc. More than 350 groups of indicators have been analyzed. They have been classified in categories and sub-categories previously defined after a discourse analysis of Food Sovereignty concept. Afterwards, we have identified and analyzed some blanks and related problems in the currently used international agriculture and development indicators

10 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2021.106222 ; In this study we explore fishers' perceptions in the Ebro Delta area, Western Mediterranean, throughout structured questionnaires. Specifically, we compare the coherence of information provided by fishers with those resulting by scientific studies in terms of the status of demersal marine resources in the Ebro Delta area; we describe temporal trends of demersal key species in the area with fishers' perceptions; and we explore the use of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) as an alternative data sources to reduce the gap of knowledge on the spatial distribution and temporal trends of sensitive and vulnerable benthic marine species. Our results document important changes in the bottom trawling activity in the study area and in the abundance of commercial species with time according to fishers' perceptions. Our results mostly match quantitative information from national statistics and stock assessment analyses. In addition, we document important changes in the presence of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) in the study area due to the by-catch of habitat forming species with time. According to fishers' perceptions, habitat forming species occur in the area, but were more frequently captured incidentally in the 1980 s and 1990 s. Overall, our study evidences that fisher's perception represents an important source of complementary information to describe bottom trawling fisheries characteristics and the long-term changes of demersal target species in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, it highlights that LEK can provide fundamental and additional information on ecosystem changes and it can be a useful tool to increase the knowledge on spatial distribution and on temporal trends of vulnerable benthic species ; This work acknowledges the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019–000928-S) to the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC). MC acknowledges partial funding from the European Union's Horizon ...

The recent context of global food emergency and ecological crisis has increased the relevance of people's struggle for food sovereignty (FSv), which promotes the transformation of the dominant food system and claims 'the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems'. Revisiting two Spanish and Catalan articles developing FSv indicators, this article aims at discussing the need and utility of developing FSv indicators at different territorial levels. Confronting these two territorial scales, the paper also identifies common steps that can facilitate other future processes of building FSv indicators. As a conclusion, the paper suggests that these processes of building indicators can contribute to providing political direction at different geographical scales for the implementation of the FSv proposal. At the same time, they favor the movement's self-reflexivity in its practices while supporting the collective shaping of future actions