Suchergebnisse

Metal halide perovskites are generating enormous excitement for use in solar cells and light-emission applications, but devices still show substantial non-radiative losses. Here, we show that by combining light and atmospheric treatments, we can increase the internal luminescence quantum efficiencies of polycrystalline perovskite films from 1% to 89%, with carrier lifetimes of 32 μs and diffusion lengths of 77 μm, comparable with perovskite single crystals. Remarkably, the surface recombination velocity of holes in the treated films is 0.4 cm/s, approaching the values for fully passivated crystalline silicon, which has the lowest values for any semiconductor to date. The enhancements translate to solar cell power-conversion efficiencies of 19.2%, with a near-instant rise to stabilized power output, consistent with suppression of ion migration. We propose a mechanism in which light creates superoxide species from oxygen that remove shallow surface states. The work reveals an industrially scalable post-treatment capable of producing state-of-the-art semiconducting films. ; S.D.S. has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (Marie Curie Actions) under REA grant number PIOF-GA-2013-622630. This work made use of the Shared Experimental Facilities supported in part by the MRSEC Program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under award number MDR – 1419807. R.B. acknowledges support from the MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). A.O. acknowledges support from the NSF under grant no. 1605406 (EP/L000202). D.G. acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for funding, file no. 201504910812. The authors acknowledge funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under EP/P02484X/1 and the Programme Grant EP/M005143/1. M.S.I. and C.E. acknowledge support from the EPSRC Program grant on Energy Materials (EP/KO16288) and the Archer HPC/MCC Consortium (EP/L000202). E.M.H. gratefully acknowledges the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Echo number 712.014.007 for funding. The work was also partially supported by Eni S.p.A. via the Eni-MIT Solar Frontiers Center. The authors thank Mengfei Wu and Marc Baldo for access to an integrating sphere, Jay Patel and Michael Johnston for EQE verifications, and Eli Yablonovitch and Luis Pazos-Outón for helpful discussion.

Authors offer to make changes to technique of the estimation of life quality with three blocks of professional and nonprofessional risk factors: index of observance of requirements of sanitary legislations; index of way of life and index of social well-being. The index of observance of requirements of sanitary legislations pays off by result of an expert estimation of a workplace taking into account aggravating (absence of certification of workplaces, industrial inspection; insufficiency of the area and volume of premises; absence of ventilation, repairs, work and rest modes; neediness of good-quality potable water, sanitary-household premises, first-aid sets of the first medical aid; absence of system of informing of workers about an existing professional risk and ways of its decrease etc.) and normalizing factors (presence of complexes intrareplaceable and after a labor shift medical rehabilitations etc.). The index of way of life is offered to be counted taking into account major individual behavioral and biological factors of risk of death rate and invalidity in Russia: smoking, abusing alcohol, irrational food (in particular, the uses less than 400 g vegetables and fruit in day), insufficient physical activity, raised index of weight of a body, psychoemotional stress, raised levels of cholesterol and glucose in whey of blood, arterial pressure, burdened heredity. The index of social well-being pays off as the one-numerical indicator considering social and economic and socially-psychological factors: indicator of size of wages, indicator of satisfaction health, working conditions, work as a whole, life as a whole, an indicator of the individual importance of factors of psychological overload. Authors of article suggest to add an existing technique of an estimation of an indicator of the individual importance of psychological overload factors with indicators actual in modern industrial conditions: socially-psychological adaptation, degree of emotional burning out, quality of life. The estimation of quality of life can serve in this system to one of the most significant after experience medical and biologic criteria of an estimation of an individual professional risk. ; Авторы предлагают дополнить методику оценки индивидуального профессионального риска тремя блоками профессиональных и непрофессиональных факторов риска: индексом соблюдения требований санитарного законодательства, индексом образа жизни, индексом социального благополучия. Индекс соблюдения требований санитарного законодательства рассчитывается по результатам экспертной оценки рабочего места сучетомусугубляющих (отсутствие аттестации рабочих мест, производственного контроля; недостаточность площади и объема помещений; отсутствие вентиляции, ремонтов, режимов труда и отдых;, необеспеченность доброкачественной питьевой водой, санитарно-бытовыми помещениями, аптечками первой медицинской помощи; отсутствие системы информирования работников о существующем профессиональном риске и путях его снижения и др.) и нормализующих факторов (наличие комплексов внутрисменной и послесменной медицинской реабилитации и др.). Индекс образа жизни предлагается рассчитывать сучетом основных индивидуальных поведенческих и биологических факторов риска смертности и нетрудоспособности в России: курения, злоупотребления алкоголем, нерационального питания (в частности, употребления менее 400 г овощей и фруктов в день), недостаточной физической активности, повышенного индекса массы тела, психоэмоционального стресса, повышенных уровней общего холестерина и глюкозы в сыворотке крови, артериального давления, отягощенной наследственности. Индекс социального благополучия рассчитывается как одночисловой показатель, учитывающий социально-экономические и социально-психологические факторы: показатель величины заработной платы; показатели удовлетворенности здоровьем, условиями труда, работой в целом, жизнью в целом; показатель индивидуальной значимости факторов психологической перегрузки. Существующую методику оценки показателя индивидуальной значимости факторов психологической перегрузки авторы статьи предлагают дополнить показателями, актуальными в современных производственныхусловиях - социальнопсихологической адаптации, степени эмоционального выгорания, качества жизни. Оценка качества жизни может служить в этой системе одним из наиболее значимых апостериорных медико-биологических критериев оценки индивидуального профессионального риска.

The airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus poses a serious health threat to humans by causing numerous invasive infections and a notable mortality in humans, especially in immunocompromised patients. Mould-active azoles are the frontline therapeutics employed to treat aspergillosis. The global emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates in clinic and environment, however, notoriously limits the therapeutic options of mould-active antifungals and potentially can be attributed to a mortality rate reaching up to 100 %. Although specific mutations in CYP51A are the main cause of azole resistance, there is a new wave of azole-resistant isolates with wild-type CYP51A genotype challenging the efficacy of the current diagnostic tools. Therefore, applications of whole-genome sequencing are increasingly gaining popularity to overcome such challenges. Prominent echinocandin tolerance, as well as liver and kidney toxicity posed by amphotericin B, necessitate a continuous quest for novel antifungal drugs to combat emerging azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. Animal models and the tools used for genetic engineering require further refinement to facilitate a better understanding about the resistance mechanisms, virulence, and immune reactions orchestrated against A. fumigatus. This review paper comprehensively discusses the current clinical challenges caused by A. fumigatus and provides insights on how to address them. ; AA, RGR, and DSP were supported by NIH AI 109025. MH was supported by NIH UL1TR001442. AC was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (CEECIND/03628/2017 and PTDC/MED GEN/28778/2017). Additional support was provided by FCT (UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020), the Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013 and NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000023), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement no. ...

AbstractImproving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis. ; S.D.S. acknowledges the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (HYPERION, grant agreement no. 756962), and the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). F.D.R. and T.M.W. would like to acknowledge the support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the SPECIFIC Innovation and Knowledge Centre (EP/N020863/1) and express their gratitude to the Welsh Government for their support of the Ser Solar programme.

Improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis. ; This article is based upon work from COST Action StableNextSol MP1307 supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). M.V.K., E.A.K., V.B. and A.O. thank the financial support of the United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (grant no. 2015757). E.A.K., A.A. and I.V.-F. acknowledge partial support from the SNaPSHoTs project in the framework of the German-Israeli bilateral R&D cooperation in the field of applied nanotechnology. M.S.L. thanks the financial support of National Science Foundation (ECCS, award #1610833). S.C., M.Manceau and M.Matheron thank the financial support of European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 763989 (APOLO project). F.D.R. and T.M.W. would like to acknowledge the support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the SPECIFIC Innovation and Knowledge Centre (EP/N020863/1) and express their gratitude to the Welsh Government for their support of the Ser Solar programme. P.A.T. acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-73-30020). J.K. acknowledges the support by the Solar Photovoltaic Academic Research Consortium II (SPARC II) project, gratefully funded by WEFO. M.K.N. acknowledges financial support from Innosuisse project 25590.1 PFNM-NM, Solaronix, Aubonne, Switzerland. C.-Q.M. would like to acknowledge The Bureau of International Cooperation of Chinese Academy of Sciences for the support of ISOS11 and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for the financial support (no. 2016YFA0200700). N.G.P. acknowledges financial support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT Future Planning (MSIP) of Korea under contracts NRF-2012M3A6A7054861 and NRF-2014M3A6A7060583 (Global Frontier R&D Program on Center for Multiscale Energy System). CSIRO's contribution to this work was conducted with funding support from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) through its Advancing Renewables Program. A.F.N gratefully acknowledges support from FAPESP (Grant 2017/11986-5) and Shell and the strategic importance of the support given by ANP (Brazil's National Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency) through the R&D levy regulation. Y.-L.L. and Q.B. acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation under award no. 1824674. S.D.S. acknowledges the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (HYPERION, grant agreement no. 756962), and the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). The work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC36-08GO28308 with Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC, the manager and operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The authors (J.J.B, J.M.L., M.O.R, K.Z.) acknowledge support from the 'De-risking halide perovskite solar cells' program of the National Center for Photovoltaics, funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technology Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the US Government. H.J.S. acknowledges the support of EPSRC UK, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. V.T. and M.Madsen acknowledge 'Villum Foundation' for funding of the project CompliantPV, under project no. 13365. M.Madsen acknowledges Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond, DFF FTP for funding of the project React-PV, no. 8022-00389B. M.G. and S.M.Z. thank the King Abdulaziz City for Science and technology (KACST) for financial support. S.V. acknowledges TKI-UE/Ministry of Economic Affairs for financial support of the TKI-UE toeslag project POP-ART (no. 1621103). RC thanks the grants for Development of New Faculty Staff, Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund. A.D.C. gratefully acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant agreement no. 785219-GrapheneCore2 and no. 764047-ESPResSo). M.L.C. and H.X. acknowledges the support from Spanish MINECO for the grant GraPErOs (ENE2016-79282-C5-2-R), the OrgEnergy Excellence Network CTQ2016-81911- REDT, the Agència de Gestiód'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) for the support to the consolidated Catalonia research group 2017 SGR 329 and the Xarxa de Referència en Materials Avançats per a l'Energia (Xarmae). ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa program from Spanish MINECO (Grant no. SEV-2017-0706) and is funded by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. ; Peer reviewed