Suchergebnisse

Bireysel tercihlerden toplumsal tercihe geçişin bilinen en iyi aracı olan oylama yöntemi kendi içinde bazı sorunlar taşımaktadır. Bu sorunların belli başlıları; Arrow çözümsüzlüğü, bedavacılık, asıl-yekil sorunu, oylanacak adaylann hatalı tespiti, mali yanılma, çoğunluk tercihinin irrasyonel olabilmesi, azınlık zararlan-oylama maliyeti, politik miyopluk, rant kollama ve oy ticaretidir. Bu çalışmada uygun oylama yönteminin seçimi, özgürlük ve çoğulculuk, temsil, saydamlık, eğitim, piyasalaşma, yoğunlaşma, özendirme ve zorlama anılan sorunları çözmeye yönelik araçlar olarak sunulmuştur. Bu araçlar, anılan sorunları mutlak olarak çözemese bile, bu yönde önemli yararlar sağlamaktadır. Örneğin, özgürlük ve çoğulculuk sayesinde adaylar ve seçmenler kendilerini daha iyi ifade edebilmekte, çoğunluğun azınlığı ezmesi önlenmektedir. Temsil sistemi doğrudan demokrasinin adeta imkansız hale geldiği günümüzün kalabalık toplumlarında demokrasiyi uygulanır kılmakta ve oylama maliyetlerini hızla düşürmektedir. ; The method of voting, known as the best means for the transition from individual choices to social ones, includes some problems. The main problems are; Arrow imposibility, free-rider, principal-agent issue, misdetermination of the candidates for voting, fiscal illusion, irrationality of the majority choices, minority losses, voting costs, political myopia, rent seeking and logrolling. In this study, the choice of appropriate voting method, freedom and pluralism, representation, transperency, education, marketing, concentration, incentive and coercion have been presented as the means for solving such problems. Even though these means can not bring absolute solutions to these problems, they can provide important advantages in this process. For example, thanks to freedom and pluralism that candidates and voters can express themselves and the oppression of minority by majority could be prevented. In today's more populated societies' where direct democracy become impossible to perform representative system makes democracy applicable and decreases voting costs rapidly.

In this study, it is aimed to enable designing the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) towards to Land Administration System driven Spatial Data Management for special agricultural croplands management through the Turkey integrated with European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Moving from this, it is also aimed to underline the requirements of designing conceptual data model for specialty agricultural crops and crop-lands which have strategic position on agricultural development and growing under state guarantee in Turkey. A long with these highlights, it is also sounded as development of a sustainable land management model schema to enable spatial planning for special agricultural crop-lands as well. As a result, in this study the conceptual framework and the key requirements/components of geo-spatial data model for specialty agricultural crops was built integrated with spatial data models and data standards developed in both national and international level.

Objective: Expressed emotion (EE) predicts the outcome of treatment in patients with anxiety disorders. We aimed to investigate the relationship between EE and demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with panic disorder (PD), to determine whether there is a difference between PD, major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and healthy controls (HC) in terms of EE and to investigate the effect of EE on quality of life (QOL) in patients with PD. Methods: Our study involved a total of 150 participants (50 patients in each group). All participants were given the Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) scale and the short-form health survey (SF)-36 . Furthermore, the EE scale was completed by the participant's key relatives. Results: EE was associated with some sociodemographic and clinical variables in patients with PD. There was no significant difference between PD and MDD and between PD and HC in terms of the LEE and the EE and their subscale scores. It was also demonstrated that EE had no effect on the QOL in patients with PD. Conclusion: EE was not different in PD compared to MDD and HC. Additionally, EE was not related to QOL in PD.