Suchergebnisse
Filter
9 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
Three Essays on Household Heterogeneity and Macroeconomic Dynamics
Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Essays, die die Rolle von Haushalts-Heterogenität für makroökonomische Entwicklungen untersuchen. Alle Essays verwenden dynamische, stochastische Modelle des allgemeinen makroökonomischen Gleichgewichtes, in denen Haushalte heterogen sind. Das erste Essay berechnet Multiplikatoren von budgetneutralen fiskalischen Politiken, die Einkommen von Haushalten mit einer geringen Konsumneigung zu Haushalten mit einer hohen Konsumneigung umverteilen. Zu diesem Zweck unterteile ich den Haushaltssektor in einem Neu-Keynesianischen Modell in eine Vielzahl von Untergruppen mit unterschiedlichen Konsumneigungen, wodurch die empirisch beobachtete Verteilung von Konsumneigungen exakt im Modell repliziert werden kann. Ich zeige, dass budgetneutrale Umverteilungen in diesem Modell ein wirksames Instrument sind um die Wirtschaft zu stimulieren. Das zweite Essay analysiert die Auswirkungen von Haushalts-Heterogenität für die Transmission von adversen externen Schocks in einem Bewley-Modell einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft. Ich zeige, dass die negativen Auswirkungen der Schocks auf Haushaltseinkommen für ärmere Haushalte stärker sind. Da diese eine höhere marginale Konsumneigung haben, bedeutet das eine Abnahme der aggregierten Nachfrage. Des Weiteren profitieren reichere Haushalte disproportional von einer Stabilisierung der Volkswirtschaft durch eine Wechselkursabwertung. Das dritte Essay untersucht die Auswirkungen eines Anstieges der Lebenserwartung. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf den Implikationen von altersabhängigem Lohnrisiko, das einen U-förmigen Verlauf über die Lebenszeit aufweist. Wenn dies in einem Aiyagari-Modell mit überlappenden Generationen berücksichtigt wird, spielt die Anpassung von Arbeitsangebot eine wichtigere Rolle als im Standard-Modell ohne altersabhängiges Lohnrisiko. Anpassungen im Sparverhalten werden hingegen weniger wichtig. ; This thesis consists of three essays on the implications of household heterogeneity for macroeconomic dynamics. Each essay employs a different Heterogeneous-Agent Dynamic Stochastic General-Equilibrium (DSGE) model tailored to the given research question. The first essay computes multipliers of different types of budget-neutral redistributive fiscal policies in a New Keynesian DSGE model. An ad-hoc distribution of MPC is introduced by partitioning the household population into a large number of segments with a varying share of hand-to-mouth consumers, which allows matching empirical estimates of the MPC distribution. I find that targeted transfers can be an effective tool in stimulating aggregate demand. In the second essay, I analyze the role of household heterogeneity for the propagation of external shocks in a Bewley-type model of a small open economy. I find that negative external shocks reduce households' current income, whereby poor households are affected most strongly. Since poor households have the highest MPC, this brings about a reduction in aggregate demand. My results further show that rich households dis-proportionally benefit from the stabilization of the domestic economy, provided by a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate. The third essay analyzes the effect of an increase in life expectancy in an Aiyagari overlapping generations model. Motivated by empirical evidence, the process for idiosyncratic wage shocks is modified such that their volatility is u-shaped over the life cycle. Relative to the standard model with age-independent wage volatility, labor supply has a more significant role in preparing for an increase in the expected retirement spell, while precautionary savings become less relevant. In the aggregate, this translates into a smaller fall in the natural interest rate, relative to the standard model.
BASE
The grammar of global law
Legal grammar is understood as the conceptual and linguistic foundation on which legal decisions rest – law's meta-structure, its argumentative techniques and its systematicity. The essay distinguishes between two ways of thinking about this grammar. The first way of thinking appeals to a grammar as a stabilizing factor, maintaining the coherence of the law. The second way of thinking highlights the asymmetries of power within this structure and perceives legal grammar as the medium carrying the ideological commitments of the law. As the essay ultimately argues, both perspectives react differently to the challenges of globalization that the law is confronted with. While the debate on the grammar(s) of global law is one place where future political order is negotiated, the outcome of the debate is largely open.
BASE
Do Household Expectations Help Predict Inflation?
In: IMF Working Paper No. 2023/224
SSRN
Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality:EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries
In: Deschasaux , M , Huybrechts , I , Julia , C , Hercberg , S , Egnell , M , Srour , B , Kesse-Guyot , E , Latino-Martel , P , Biessy , C , Casagrande , C , Murphy , N , Jenab , M , Ward , H A , Weiderpass , E , Overvad , K , Tjønneland , A , Rostgaard-Hansen , A L , Boutron-Ruault , M C , Mancini , F R , Mahamat-Saleh , Y , Kühn , T , Katzke , V , Bergmann , M M , Schulze , M B , Trichopoulou , A , Karakatsani , A , Peppa , E , Masala , G , Agnoli , C , De Magistris , M S , Tumino , R , Sacerdote , C , Boer , J M , Verschuren , W M , van der Schouw , Y T , Skeie , G , Braaten , T , Redondo , M L , Agudo , A , Petrova , D , Colorado-Yohar , S M , Barricarte , A , Amiano , P , Sonestedt , E , Ericson , U , Otten , J , Sundström , B , Wareham , N J , Forouhi , N G , Vineis , P , Tsilidis , K K , Knuppel , A , Papier , K , Ferrari , P , Riboli , E , Gunter , M J & Touvier , M 2020 , ' Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality : EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries ' , B M J , vol. 370 , m3173 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3173
Objective: To determine if the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS), which grades the nutritional quality of food products and is used to derive the Nutri-Score front-of-packet label to guide consumers towards healthier food choices, is associated with mortality. Design: Population based cohort study. Setting: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from 23 centres in 10 European countries. Participants: 521 324 adults; at recruitment, country specific and validated dietary questionnaires were used to assess their usual dietary intakes. A FSAm-NPS score was calculated for each food item per 100 g content of energy, sugars, saturated fatty acids, sodium, fibre, and protein, and of fruit, vegetables, legumes, and nuts. The FSAm-NPS dietary index was calculated for each participant as an energy weighted mean of the FSAm-NPS score of all foods consumed. The higher the score the lower the overall nutritional quality of the diet. Main outcome measure: Associations between the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and mortality, assessed using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: After exclusions, 501 594 adults (median follow-up 17.2 years, 8 162 730 person years) were included in the analyses. Those with a higher FSAm-NPS dietary index score (highest versus lowest fifth) showed an increased risk of all cause mortality (n=53 112 events from non-external causes; hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.10, P<0.001 for trend) and mortality from cancer (1.08, 1.03 to 1.13, P<0.001 for trend) and diseases of the circulatory (1.04, 0.98 to 1.11, P=0.06 for trend), respiratory (1.39, 1.22 to 1.59, P<0.001), and digestive (1.22, 1.02 to 1.45, P=0.03 for trend) systems. The age standardised absolute rates for all cause mortality per 10 000 persons over 10 years were 760 (men=1237; women=563) for those in the highest fifth of the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and 661 (men=1008; women=518) for those in the lowest fifth. Conclusions: In this large multinational European cohort, consuming foods with a higher FSAm-NPS score (lower nutritional quality) was associated with a higher mortality for all causes and for cancer and diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, supporting the relevance of FSAm-NPS to characterise healthier food choices in the context of public health policies (eg, the Nutri-Score) for European populations. This is important considering ongoing discussions about the potential implementation of a unique nutrition labelling system at the European Union level.
BASE
Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality:EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries
In: Deschasaux , M , Huybrechts , I , Julia , C , Hercberg , S , Egnell , M , Srour , B , Kesse-Guyot , E , Latino-Martel , P , Biessy , C , Casagrande , C , Murphy , N , Jenab , M , Ward , H A , Weiderpass , E , Overvad , K , Tjønneland , A , Rostgaard-Hansen , A L , Boutron-Ruault , M-C , Mancini , F R , Mahamat-Saleh , Y , Kühn , T , Katzke , V , Bergmann , M M , Schulze , M B , Trichopoulou , A , Karakatsani , A , Peppa , E , Masala , G , Agnoli , C , De Magistris , M S , Tumino , R , Sacerdote , C , Boer , J M , Verschuren , W M , van der Schouw , Y T , Skeie , G , Braaten , T , Redondo , M L , Agudo , A , Petrova , D , Colorado-Yohar , S M , Barricarte , A , Amiano , P , Sonestedt , E , Ericson , U , Otten , J , Sundström , B , Wareham , N J , Forouhi , N G , Vineis , P , Tsilidis , K K , Knuppel , A , Papier , K , Ferrari , P , Riboli , E , Gunter , M J & Touvier , M 2020 , ' Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality : EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries ' , B M J , vol. 370 , m3173 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3173
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS), which grades the nutritional quality of food products and is used to derive the Nutri-Score front-of-packet label to guide consumers towards healthier food choices, is associated with mortality. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. SETTING: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from 23 centres in 10 European countries. PARTICIPANTS: 521 324 adults; at recruitment, country specific and validated dietary questionnaires were used to assess their usual dietary intakes. A FSAm-NPS score was calculated for each food item per 100 g content of energy, sugars, saturated fatty acids, sodium, fibre, and protein, and of fruit, vegetables, legumes, and nuts. The FSAm-NPS dietary index was calculated for each participant as an energy weighted mean of the FSAm-NPS score of all foods consumed. The higher the score the lower the overall nutritional quality of the diet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Associations between the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and mortality, assessed using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: After exclusions, 501 594 adults (median follow-up 17.2 years, 8 162 730 person years) were included in the analyses. Those with a higher FSAm-NPS dietary index score (highest versus lowest fifth) showed an increased risk of all cause mortality (n=53 112 events from non-external causes; hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.10, P<0.001 for trend) and mortality from cancer (1.08, 1.03 to 1.13, P<0.001 for trend) and diseases of the circulatory (1.04, 0.98 to 1.11, P=0.06 for trend), respiratory (1.39, 1.22 to 1.59, P<0.001), and digestive (1.22, 1.02 to 1.45, P=0.03 for trend) systems. The age standardised absolute rates for all cause mortality per 10 000 persons over 10 years were 760 (men=1237; women=563) for those in the highest fifth of the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and 661 (men=1008; women=518) for those in the lowest fifth. CONCLUSIONS: In this large multinational European cohort, consuming foods with a higher FSAm-NPS score (lower nutritional quality) was associated with a higher mortality for all causes and for cancer and diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, supporting the relevance of FSAm-NPS to characterise healthier food choices in the context of public health policies (eg, the Nutri-Score) for European populations. This is important considering ongoing discussions about the potential implementation of a unique nutrition labelling system at the European Union level.
BASE
Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality: EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries
Objective: To determine if the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS), which grades the nutritional quality of food products and is used to derive the Nutri-Score front-of-packet label to guide consumers towards healthier food choices, is associated with mortality. Design: Population based cohort study. Setting: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from 23 centres in 10 European countries. Participants: 521 324 adults; at recruitment, country specific and validated dietary questionnaires were used to assess their usual dietary intakes. A FSAm-NPS score was calculated for each food item per 100 g content of energy, sugars, saturated fatty acids, sodium, fibre, and protein, and of fruit, vegetables, legumes, and nuts. The FSAm-NPS dietary index was calculated for each participant as an energy weighted mean of the FSAm-NPS score of all foods consumed. The higher the score the lower the overall nutritional quality of the diet. Main outcome measure: Associations between the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and mortality, assessed using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: After exclusions, 501 594 adults (median follow-up 17.2 years, 8 162 730 person years) were included in the analyses. Those with a higher FSAm-NPS dietary index score (highest versus lowest fifth) showed an increased risk of all cause mortality (n=53 112 events from non-external causes; hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.10, P<0.001 for trend) and mortality from cancer (1.08, 1.03 to 1.13, P<0.001 for trend) and diseases of the circulatory (1.04, 0.98 to 1.11, P=0.06 for trend), respiratory (1.39, 1.22 to 1.59, P<0.001), and digestive (1.22, 1.02 to 1.45, P=0.03 for trend) systems. The age standardised absolute rates for all cause mortality per 10 000 persons over 10 years were 760 (men=1237; women=563) for those in the highest fifth of the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and 661 (men=1008; women=518) for those in the lowest fifth. Conclusions: In this large multinational European cohort, consuming foods with a higher FSAm-NPS score (lower nutritional quality) was associated with a higher mortality for all causes and for cancer and diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, supporting the relevance of FSAm-NPS to characterise healthier food choices in the context of public health policies (eg, the Nutri-Score) for European populations. This is important considering ongoing discussions about the potential implementation of a unique nutrition labelling system at the European Union level.
BASE
Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality : EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries
OBJECTIVE To determine if the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS), which grades the nutritional quality of food products and is used to derive the Nutri-Score front-of-packet label to guide consumers towards healthier food choices, is associated with mortality. DESIGN Population based cohort study. SETTING European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from 23 centres in 10 European countries. PARTICIPANTS 521 324 adults; at recruitment, country specific and validated dietary questionnaires were used to assess their usual dietary intakes. A FSAm-NPS score was calculated for each food item per 100 g content of energy, sugars, saturated fatty acids, sodium, fibre, and protein, and of fruit, vegetables, legumes, and nuts. The FSAm-NPS dietary index was calculated for each participant as an energy weighted mean of the FSAm-NPS score of all foods consumed. The higher the score the lower the overall nutritional quality of the diet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Associations between the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and mortality, assessed using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS After exclusions, 501 594 adults (median follow-up 17.2 years, 8 162 730 person years) were included in the analyses. Those with a higher FSAm-NPS dietary index score (highest versus lowest fifth) showed an increased risk of all cause mortality (n=53 112 events from non-external causes; hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.10, P(0.001 for trend) and mortality from cancer (1.08, 1.03 to 1.13, P(0.001 for trend) and diseases of the circulatory (1.04, 0.98 to 1.11, P=0.06 for trend), respiratory (1.39, 1.22 to 1.59, P(0.001), and digestive (1.22, 1.02 to 1.45, P=0.03 for trend) systems. The age standardised absolute rates for all cause mortality per 10 000 persons over 10 years were 760 (men=1237; women=563) for those in the highest fifth of the FSAm-NPS dietary index score and 661 (men=1008; women=518) for those in the lowest fifth. CONCLUSIONS In this large multinational European cohort, consuming foods with a higher FSAm-NPS score (lower nutritional quality) was associated with a higher mortality for all causes and for cancer and diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, supporting the relevance of FSAm-NPS to characterise healthier food choices in the context of public health policies (eg, the Nutri-Score) for European populations. This is important considering ongoing discussions about the potential implementation of a unique nutrition labelling system at the European Union level.
BASE