Suchergebnisse

The Paraguayan economy did not suffer debt crises in the eighties and had significant growth rates in the second half on the seventies, but poverty remained a problem. Understanding the performance and spatial distribution of poverty and inequality over a period of more than ten years can shed new light on structural causes behind what seems to be a low growth – high poverty – high inequality trap in Paraguay. How did poverty and inequality change during the 1990s. Did inequality reduce income growth? What were the growth determinants and what are the main forces driving inequality changes? These are the questions being answered in this book.

Cover -- Acronyms -- Preface -- 1. Micro level estimation of income -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology and Data -- 1.2.1 The Basic Methodology -- 1.2.2 The Income Model -- 1.2.3 The Implementation Procedure -- 1.2.4 Data Sources -- 1.3 Results -- 1.3.1 Regression Results -- 1.3.2 Poverty Estimates -- 1.3.3 Poverty and Inequality Maps -- 1.3.4 Pro-poor Growth Evidence -- 1.4 Discussion -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. Does Inequality Harm Income Mobility and Growth? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data: macro, micro and small area welfare estimates -- 2.3 Small area welfare estimation -- 2.4 The model -- 2.5 Estimation -- 2.6 Results -- 2.7 Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusions -- 3. Characterization of inequality changes through microeconometric decomposition -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Income inequality in Paraguay: basic facts and sources of changes -- 3.3.1 Returns to education -- 3.3.2 Gender wage gap -- 3.3.3 Returns to experience -- 3.3.4 Unobservable Factors -- 3.3.5 Hours of work -- 3.3.6 Labour market participation -- 3.3.7 Education -- 3.4 Estimation strategy -- 3.5 Results -- 3.6 Discussion -- 3.7 Conclusions -- A: Annex to Chapter 1 -- B: Annex to Chapter 2 -- Bibliography.

The Paraguayan economy did not suffer debt crises in the eighties and had significant growth rates in the second half on the seventies, but poverty remained a problem. Understanding the performance and spatial distribution of poverty and inequality over a period of more than ten years can shed new light on structural causes behind what seems to be a low growth – high poverty – high inequality trap in Paraguay. How did poverty and inequality change during the 1990s. Did inequality reduce income growth? What were the growth determinants and what are the main forces driving inequality changes? These are the questions being answered in this book.

Latin America is the most unequal region of the world in terms of income or expenditure, as well as regarding other aspects of economic or social exclusion. The region suffered the lost decade of the nineteen eighties, and experienced a modest recovery in the nineteen nineties. In the nineteen nineties, most of the governments implemented stabilization politics, more or less close to the proposals of the Washington Consensus. Paraguay itself, however, neither suffered a debt crisis nor a mayor economic instability during the eighties, so the stabilization policies would not have been necessary or useful for the Paraguayan economy and business cycles in the nineties. Nevertheless, many of the macroeconomic policies applied in Paraguay during the nineties were close to the Washington Consensus. The most striking macroeconomic result of the decade was a per capita income decrease beginning in late 1995, hand in hand with a poverty increase after 1996. Given the persistently high levels of poverty incidence in Paraguay to date, understanding the determinants of growth at the household level in Paraguayan economy remains an important but under-researched field in economics. This appears to be particularly true for the question whether inequality has a positive or negative effect on economic growth, a question that is both fundamental in (development) economics and highly relevant for poverty reduction policies. Although the effect of inequality on growth has important implications for poverty (Bourguignon, 2004; Ravallion, 1997), empirical evidence on this link is virtually inexistent for Paraguay.

Recent theoretical and empirical advances have brought income and wealth distributions back into a prominent position in growth and development theories, and as determinants of specific socio-economic outcomes, such as health or levels of violence and related phenomenon of inequality. To improve empirical investigation, new techniques were required for the simulation of small scale welfare indicators, such as income and its related distribution. Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw (2003) designed a statistical procedure to combine different types of data and take advantage of the detail in household sample surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a census. The method extends the literature on small area statistics (Ghosh and Rao (1994), Rao (1999)) by developing estimators of population parameters which are non-linear functions of the underlying variable of interest (for example per capita income) by deriving them from the full unit level distribution of that variable. The most famous output of these exercises is known as 'poverty maps'. The use of these poverty maps is an important poverty reduction policy implementation tool used for selecting the poorest villages in the country (or villages where the greatest number of poor people are), such as the programs Bolsa Escuela in Brasil, Progreso in Mexico, Puente in Chile, Bolsa Familia in Argentina, Bono de Desarrollo Humano in Ecuador or Tekopora in Paraguay; all of these conditional cash transfer programs, directly to extremely poor households.

The Paraguayan economy did not suffer debt crises in the eighties and had significant growth rates in the second half on the seventies, but poverty remained a problem. Understanding the performance and spatial distribution of poverty and inequality over a period of more than ten years can shed new light on structural causes behind what seems to be a low growth - high poverty - high inequality trap in Paraguay. How did poverty and inequality change during the 1990s. Did inequality reduce income growth? What were the growth determinants and what are the main forces driving inequality changes? These are the questions being answered in this book.

Als Nicanor Duarte am 15. August 2003 das Amt des Staats- und Regierungspräsidenten Paraguays übernahm, waren viele Erwartungen an seine Amtsführung geknüpft. Transparente und effiziente Verwaltung, Kampf gegen Korruption und Armut, das Ende umfassender Straflosigkeit für politisch, wirtschaftlich oder sozial einflussreiche Rechtsbrecher sowie ein Generationswechsel im Stil der paraguayischen Politik, vor allem innerhalb der regierenden Colorado Partei (Asociación Nacional Republicana - ANR), wurden von Duarte vollmundig verkündet und von nicht wenigen für bare Münze genommen. Jetzt, am Ende des ersten seiner fünf Jahre Amtsführung, ist der Moment gekommen, den Versuch einer ersten, wenn auch vorläufigen Bilanz zu unternehmen, welche die Wahlversprechen und Ankündigungen der Regierungserklärung zum Ausgangspunkt nimmt.(Brennpkt Lat.am/DÜI)

The right to participation in society for people with disabilities is relatively well established in national and international law and convention (UNCRPD), and increasingly in social norms. These rights include the right to work. The majority of job opportunities today are advertised and applied for almost exclusively online in digital form. In late 2017 we performed both automated testing of career sites against WCAG 2.0 and BITV standards and a multi-day detailed laboratory observation of visually impaired and blind testers applying for jobs across 10 German organisations in the public and private sectors. The tests note significant problems with the accessibility of the career sites, both in terms of standards compliance and practical use testing. This study illustrates the barriers that digital technologies can create for people with disabilities. This paper will highlight and classify these issues, explore their causes, and briefly suggest improvements for software developers, employers and regulators.

We examine the drivers of inequality change in Honduras between 1991-2007, trying to understand why inequality increased in Honduras until 2005, while it was falling in most other Latin American countries. Using annual household surveys, we document first rising inequality between 1991-2005, which is followed by falling inequality thereafter. Using an inequality decomposition technique, we show that the rising inequality between 1991 and 2005 was, for the most part, driven by the dispersion of labour incomes in rural areas. We also show that the extraordinary labour earnings disequalization is mainly the result of a widening wage gap between the tradable and non-tradable sectors and occupations, combined with highly segmented labor markets and poor overall educational progress. The underlying determinants of the divergence between tradable and non-tradable sectors were highly overvalued currencies and poor commodity process for Honduras' agricultural exports. Between 2005 and 2007, however, the inequality reduction was a result of equalizing trends in labour and non-labour incomes. The commodity boom promoting the tradable sector and remittances (in this order) played a significant role here, with government transfers playing a small supporting role. Since the decline in inequality is largely driven by international factors, we cannot be sure whether the decline in inequality will continue.