Suchergebnisse

Sport epidemiological studies have estimated cumulative head impact and concussion rates by American football position group. Meanwhile, the sports economics literature has examined National football league (NFL) player-salary variation, and sports statisticians have studied NFL player productivity. Merging novel data and methodologies, we estimate whether players in position-groups with higher head impact or concussion risk are paid a compensating next-contract salary premium controlling for NFL experience, contract year, and productivity. For 2006 to 2017 NFL seasons, we consider all 1,162 fully observed player contracts and all 290 fully observed, non-rookie player contracts. Specifying two sets of contract-length frequency-weighted, contract-year (of signing) fixed effects linear regressions, we find robust evidence that players receive lagged, next-contract compensation for additional on-field productivity and experience. However, position groups with higher estimated cumulative head impact and, alternatively, higher estimated concussion rate are paid a significant and substantial next-contract dispremium. Results are consistent with an augmented compensating salary-differential theory, in which firm and employee share risk.

Studies suggest that neonatal illness may cause increased risk for child maltreatment (CM), but these findings may be biased by observed and unobserved confounding factors (social, family, and maternal characteristics) including increased surveillance by health care providers. This study expands on previous research by examining and controlling for these potential study biases and confounders using a sibling discordance retrospective cohort study design. Infants born in a Level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were matched with non-NICU born sibling controls. Cox proportional hazard models with shared frailty terms were used to account for clustering and heterogeneity in CM survival time (time to CM event). Potentially key covariates were selected using the directed acyclic graph approach, and surveillance reports were identified and systematically included or excluded from analyses. Managing these sources of bias reduced but did not eliminate the association between neonatal illness and CM report risk. Risk was especially high during the first year of the NICU infant's life and among families with multiple well-known CM risk factors.

Early adversity predicts increased risk for mental and physical health problems. As such, intervention efforts, such as home-based parenting programs, have been initiated with vulnerable families to reduce adversity exposure and promote child well-being. The present randomized clinical trial had a parallel design and 1:1 allocation ratio of SafeCare augmented for an urban high-risk population (SC+) compared to standard home-based mental health services (SAU) to examine risk and protective factors proximal to child maltreatment. Parents (N=562) of young children (5 years or less) at risk of depression, intimate partner violence, or substance abuse were randomized to SC+ or SAU. A significant program effect was found in favor of SC+ for parental depression and social support, as well as within-group improvements for both groups in depression, intimate partner victimization, family resources, and social support. Promising next steps include future trials examining how improvements in parental depression and social support impact child well-being over time and further augmentation of SafeCare to enhance healthy relationships and address cultural congruency of services.