Suchergebnisse

AbstractAcademics have different motivations for external engagement, including to acquire external resources for research (research advancement motivation), to contribute to society (prosocial motivation), or to acquire monetary benefits (pecuniary motivation). Universities also have varying policies for rewarding external engagement. This paper examines the relationship between academics' motivations for engaging, their perceptions of the fairness of their universities' policies, and their actual level of external engagement. Most academics consider contributing to the betterment of society as the most important reason for engagement, followed by the advancement of their research. Conversely, few academics consider obtaining personal income to be important. The perceived importance of all three motivations is positively associated with actual engagement behavior. Notably, the strength of research advancement motivation is more closely associated with external engagement than the strength of pecuniary motivation. However, perceptions of organizational fairness are not related to external engagement.

Chapter 1. Introduction: Climate, Cocoa and Trees(Mette Fog Olwig, Richard Asare, Henrik Meilby, Philippe Vaast and Kwadwo Owusu) -- Chapter 2.Cocoa Under Heat and Drought Stress (Eric Opoku Mensah, Philippe Vaast, Richard Asare, Christiana A. Amoatey, Kwadwo Owusu, Bismark Kwesi Asitoakor, and Anders Ræbild) -- Chapter 3. Shade Tree Species Matter: Sustainable Cocoa Agroforestry Management (Bismark Kwesi Asitoakor, Anders Ræbild, Philippe Vaast, Hans Peter Ravn, Kwadwo Owusu, Eric Opoku Mensah and Richard Asare) -- Chapter 4. Social Challenges and Opportunities in Agroforestry: Cocoa Farmers' Perspectives (Aske S. Bosselmann, Sylvester Afram Boadi, Mette Fog Olwig and Richard Asare) -- Chapter 5.Household Economics of Cocoa Agroforestry: Costs and Benefits (Sylvester Afram Boadi, Aske Skovmand Bosselmann, Kwadwo Owusu, Richard Asare and Mette Fog Olwig) -- Chapter 6.Can Agroforestry Provide a Future for Cocoa? Implications for Policy and Practice(Mette Fog Olwig, Richard Asare, Philippe Vaast and Aske S. Bosselmann).

This open access book provides multidisciplinary perspectives on the potential of agroforestry to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on cocoa production. Against the backdrop of increasingly precarious farmer livelihoods, it focuses on cocoa-agroforestry in Ghana – the second largest producer of cocoa in the world. Taking the reader on a journey across experimental plots and on-farm studies, the book delivers a holistic understanding of cocoa-agroforestry. Chapters examine historical yield and climate interactions, the effects of heat and drought on cocoa plants and the role of differing shade trees on soil fertility, yields, pests and diseases. The book discusses the socioeconomics of shade tree management, including cost-benefits, tree rights and competition for natural resources emphasizing policy implications and recommendations. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to climate-agriculture interactions, the book provides an innovative understanding of agroforestry and perennial cropping systems that goes beyond the Ghanaian cocoa belt. It is of relevance to students, researchers, farmers, practitioners and policymakers working with agroforestry and climate change adaptation. This is an open access book.

This open access book provides multidisciplinary perspectives on the potential of agroforestry to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on cocoa production. Against the backdrop of increasingly precarious farmer livelihoods, it focuses on cocoa-agroforestry in Ghana – the second largest producer of cocoa in the world. Taking the reader on a journey across experimental plots and on-farm studies, the book delivers a holistic understanding of cocoa-agroforestry. Chapters examine historical yield and climate interactions, the effects of heat and drought on cocoa plants and the role of differing shade trees on soil fertility, yields, pests and diseases. The book discusses the socioeconomics of shade tree management, including cost-benefits, tree rights and competition for natural resources emphasizing policy implications and recommendations. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to climate-agriculture interactions, the book provides an innovative understanding of agroforestry and perennial cropping systems that goes beyond the Ghanaian cocoa belt. It is of relevance to students, researchers, farmers, practitioners and policymakers working with agroforestry and climate change adaptation. This is an open access book.