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During the early 2000s the market liberalization reforms to the Russian economy, begun in the 1990s, were consolidated. But since the mid 2000s economic policy has moved into a new phase, characterized by more state intervention with less efficiency and more structural problems. Corruption, weak competitiveness, heavy dependency on energy exports, an unbalanced labour market, and unequal regional development are trends that have arisen and which, this book argues, will worsen unless the government changes direction. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the current Russian economic system

During the early 2000s the market liberalization reforms to the Russian economy, begun in the 1990s, were consolidated. But since the mid 2000s economic policy has moved into a new phase, characterized by more state intervention with less efficiency and more structural problems. Corruption, weak competitiveness, heavy dependency on energy exports, an unbalanced labour market, and unequal regional development are trends that have arisen and which, this book argues, will worsen unless the government changes direction. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the current Russian economic system,

The purpose of this article is to explore the development of Russian military spending in light of weak and negative growth of the Russian economy and to look at the reasons for the economic decline that has developed after the economic crisis in 2009 and is due to long-term internal structural factors that have existed since the mid-2000s. The confidence crisis resulting from Russia's aggression against Ukraine 2014, Western sanctions and falling oil prices has further aggravated these tendencies and the economy is now contracting. The main conclusions are that the share of the defense budget in GDP has risen substantially, but there is still a trade-off between defense and other public spending in the budget. Political reform would be necessary to implement market institutions and revive the economy.

China and Russia share a geopolitical world view and a preference for a multipolar world. How their relationship evolves and how they understand their respective positions in the international system are vital for the development of global affairs. The purpose of this report is to analyse the relationship between China and Russia from a political as well as an economic perspective. In this context it compares how the two countries perceive themselves and their role in the world. The report provides an overview of the national foreign policy elements and the economic ties between the two countries. China and Russia cooperate and compete in many areas and their interests and ambitions are exemplified by their policies in Central Asia and Asia-Pacific. Throughout the report the role of the United States as a competitor and a partner to both countries is discussed. The partnership with China offers Russia an opportunity to conduct a multivector foreign policy and thereby to counterbalance the hegemony of the West. For China it supports the efforts to offset the US influence in the Asia-Pacific. Economic interdependence between the countries is limited, but arms trade and technology transfer are vital elements and energy cooperation is developing. China's gradual economic reforms have created an economic superpower that will soon be overtaking the United States as the largest economy in the world, while Russia's economy is stagnating. A weakness in the relationship is the fact that relations with the United States are the most important for both China's and Russia's foreign policy. The United States is China's only real strategic partner, which adds to the weakness of the partnership with Russia. The Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2014 is found to be a defining moment for the Sino-Russian relationship. ; Kina och Ryssland delar en geopolitisk världsbild och vill se en multipolär värld.Hur deras relation utvecklas och hur de upplever sina positioner i detinternationella politiska systemet har stor betydelse för den globala utvecklingen.Syftet med rapporten är att analysera förhållandet mellan Kina och Ryssland frånett politiskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Den jämför också hur länderna ser på sigsjälva och sin roll i världen. Länderna samarbetar och konkurrerar inom olikaområden. Deras intressen och ambitioner exemplifieras med deras politik i Centralasien och Stillahavsregionen. Genom hela rapporten belyses USAs rollsom konkurrent och samarbetspartner till båda länderna. Partnerskapet mellan Kina och Ryssland gör det möjligt att föra en multipolärutrikespolitik och balansera Västs inflytande. För Kina utgör det stöd för attmotverka USAs inflytande i Stillahavsregionen. Det ekonomiska beroendetmellan Kina och Ryssland är begränsat, men samarbetet inom energiområdet kanutvecklas och vapensamarbete med teknologiöverföring är viktiga moment förbåda parter och energisamarbetet ökar. Kinas gradvisa ekonomiska reformer harskapat en ekonomisk supermakt som inom kort kommer att gå om USA som denstörsta ekonomin i världen, medan Rysslands ekonomi stagnerar. Den kinesiskautrikespolitiken skapar förutsättningar för ekonomiskt samarbete vilket har varitframgångsrikt i konkurrensen med Ryssland i Centralasien. En svaghet ipartnerskapet är att USA är den viktigaste relationen för båda länderna. USA ärKinas enda egentliga strategiska partner, vilket försvagar partnerskapet medRyssland. Rysslands aggression mot Ukraina 2014 har resulterat i försämraderelationer till Väst vilket innebär att partnerskapet med Kina har fått en nydimension.

"This book presents a comprehensive view of the state of the Russian economy under President Putin. It considers the extent of Russia's integration in the world economy, where Russia's exports of oil and gas are a key factor, discusses Russia's internal challenges, including changing demographics, declining government revenue, the need to counter over-reliance on the oil and gas sector and the consequences of high military spending, and assesses the prospects for economic reform, highlighting especially the power struggles between different vested interests. Overall, the book provides a basis for understanding what has been going on in the Russian economy under President Putin and what the future may look like given the external environment, internal challenges and reform processes."

Die Autoren beschreiben und analysieren die wichtigsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen in Polen, Ungarn, der CSFR, Bulgarien und der Sowjetunion beim Übergang zentralgeplanten Kommandosystem zur Marktwirtschaft. Die Broschüre widmet sich folgenden Problemen: - Beschäftigungsabnahme und drohende Arbeitslosigkeit - einkommenspolitische Probleme - sozialer Schutz - Arbeitsbeziehungen und - Arbeitsmarktfolgen der Privatisierung. (IAB)

Die Autoren beschreiben und analysieren die wichtigsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen in Polen, Ungarn, der CSFR, Bulgarien und der Sowjetunion beim Übergang zentralgeplanten Kommandosystem zur Marktwirtschaft. Die Broschüre widmet sich folgenden Problemen: - Beschäftigungsabnahme und drohende Arbeitslosigkeit; - einkommenspolitische Probleme; - sozialer Schutz; - Arbeitsbeziehungen und; - Arbeitsmarktfolgen der Privatisierung. (IAB)