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Abstract: The influence of the context on behavioral and emotional reactions to a war crime situation military cadets (N = 315) is analyzed. The study is based on Milgram's experience and the tragedy of My Lai.It examines personal and peer obedience to an anti-normative order (asking participants whether they would obey an order to shoot unarmed civilians) in five vignettes or scenarios that reproduce Milgram's conditions and MyLai scenario. This is an experimental between-within study of five scenarios by two conditions (Milgram, 1974). Personal and collective obedience of other military, emotional reactions and values of Schwartz (2012) were measured. Showing enhancement of self-bias it is reported that the pairs would be more likely to shoot than one would. Replicating Milgrams's results, obedience is greater when the order is given directly by an authority, and lower when there is conflict between authorities and peers rebel. Confirming that identification with humanity and not just with the in-group may prompt respondents to reject an anti-normative order, values of transcendence of the self are associated with less obedience and congruent emotional reactions. Self-perceived transformational leadership was associated with positive emotions towards peer that disobey to fire. However a transformational style perceived in the superior was associated to positive emotions by respect to soldier who open fire, adding information on the potential dark side of this leadership style. The relevance of personal values, leadership style and affectivity in military context is discussed. ; Resumen: Se analiza la influencia del contexto en las reacciones conductuales y emocionales ante una situación de crimen de guerra en cadetes militares (N = 315). El estudio se basa en la experiencia de Milgram y en la tragedia de My Lai. Examina la obediencia personal y de los compañeros ante una orden antinormativa (preguntando a los participantes si obedecerían una orden de disparar a civiles desarmados) en cinco viñetas o escenarios que reproducen las condiciones de Milgram y el escenario de MyLai. Se trata de un estudio experimental entre dos escenarios por dos condiciones (Milgram, 1974). Se midió la obediencia personal y colectiva de otros militares, las reacciones emocionales y los valores de Schwartz (2012). Mostrando el aumento de la auto-prejuicio se informa de que los pares serían más propensos a disparar que uno. Replicando los resultados de Milgram, la obediencia es mayor cuando la orden es dada directamente por una autoridad, y menor cuando hay conflicto entre autoridades y compañeros rebeldes. Confirmando que la identificación con la humanidad y no solo con el grupo interno puede impulsar a los encuestados a rechazar una orden antinormativa, los valores de trascendencia del yo se asocian con menos obediencia y reacciones emocionales congruentes. El liderazgo transformacional autopercibido se asoció con emociones positivas hacia los compañeros que desobedecen al fuego. Sin embargo un estilo transformacional percibido en el superior se asoció a emociones positivas por respeto al soldado que abre fuego, añadiendo información sobre el potencial lado oscuro de este estilo de liderazgo. Se discute la relevancia de los valores personales, el estilo de liderazgo y la afectividad en el contexto militar.

is an experimental between-within study of five scenarios by two conditions (Milgram, 1974). Personal and collective obedience of other military, emotional reactions and values of Schwartz (2012) were measured. Showing enhancement of self-bias it is reported that the pairs would be more likely to shoot than one would. Replicating Milgrams's results, obedience is greater when the order is given directly by an authority, and lower when there is conflict between authorities and peers rebel. Confirming that identification with humanity and not just with the in-group may prompt respondents to reject an anti-normative order, values of transcendence of the self are associated with less obedience and congruent emotional reactions. Self-perceived transformational leadership was associated with positive emotions towards peer that disobey to fire. However a transformational style perceived in the superior was associated to positive emotions by respect to soldier who open fire, adding information on the potential dark side of this leadership style. The relevance of personal values, leadership style and affectivity in military context is discussed.

The influence of the context on behavioral and emotional reactions to a war crime situation military cadets (N = 315) is analyzed. The study is based on Milgram's experience and the tragedy of My Lai.It examines personal and peer obedience to an anti-normative order (asking participants whether they would obey an order to shoot unarmed civilians) in five vignettes or scenarios that reproduce Milgram's conditions and MyLai scenario. Thisis an experimental between-within study of five scenarios by two conditions (Milgram, 1974). Personal and collective obedience of other military, emotional reactions and values of Schwartz (2012) were measured. Showing enhancement of self-bias it is reported that the pairs would be more likely to shoot than one would. Replicating Milgrams's results, obedience is greater when the order is given directly by an authority, and lower when there is conflict between authorities and peers rebel. Confirming that identification with humanity and not just with the in-group may prompt respondents to reject an anti-normative order, values of transcendence of the self are associated with less obedience and congruent emotional reactions. Self-perceived transformational leadership was associated with positive emotions towards peer that disobey to fire. However a transformational style perceived in the superior was associated to positive emotions by respect to soldier who open fire, adding information on the potential dark side of this leadership style. The relevance of personal values, leadership style and affectivity in military context is discussed. ; Se analiza la influencia del contexto en las reacciones conductuales y emocionales ante una situación de crimen de guerra en cadetes militares (N = 315). El estudio se basa en la experiencia de Milgram y en la tragedia de My Lai. Examina la obediencia personal y de los compañeros ante una orden antinormativa (preguntando a los participantes si obedecerían una orden de disparar a civiles desarmados) en cinco viñetas o escenarios que reproducen las condiciones de Milgram y el escenario de MyLai. Se trata de un estudio experimental entre dos escenarios por dos condiciones (Milgram, 1974). Se midió la obediencia personal y colectiva de otros militares, las reacciones emocionales y los valores de Schwartz (2012). Mostrando el aumento de la auto-prejuicio se informa de que los pares serían más propensos a disparar que uno. Replicando los resultados de Milgram, la obediencia es mayor cuando la orden es dada directamente por una autoridad, y menor cuando hay conflicto entre autoridades y compañeros rebeldes. Confirmando que la identificación con la humanidad y no solo con el grupo interno puede impulsar a los encuestados a rechazar una orden antinormativa, los valores de trascendencia del yo se asocian con menos obediencia y reacciones emocionales congruentes. El liderazgo transformacional autopercibido se asoció con emociones positivas hacia los compañeros que desobedecen al fuego. Sin embargo un estilo transformacional percibido en el superior se asoció a emociones positivas por respeto al soldado que abre fuego, añadiendo información sobre el potencial lado oscuro de este estilo de liderazgo. Se discute la relevancia de los valores personales, el estilo de liderazgo y la afectividad en el contexto militar. ; L'influence du contexte sur les réactions comportementales et émotionnelles à une situation de crime de guerre chez des cadets militaires (N = 315) est analysée. L'étude est basée sur l'expérience de Milgram et la tragédie de My Lai. Elle examine l'obéissance personnelle et celle des pairs à un ordre anti-normatif (en demandant aux participants s'ils obéiraient à un ordre de tirer sur des civils non armés) dans cinq vignettes ou scénarios qui reproduisent les conditions de Milgram et le scénario MyLai. Il s'agit d'une étude expérimentale entre deux scénarios pour deux conditions (Milgram, 1974). L'obéissance personnelle et collective des autres militaires, les réactions émotionnelles et les valeurs de Schwartz (2012) ont été mesurées. En montrant un jugement de soi accru, il est rapporté que les pairs seraient plus susceptibles de tirer qu'un seul. En reproduisant les résultats de Milgram, l'obéissance est plus élevée lorsque l'ordre est donné directement par une autorité, et plus faible lorsqu'il y a conflit entre les autorités et les pairs indisciplinés. Confirmant que l'identification à l'humanité et pas seulement au groupe interne peut pousser les répondants à rejeter un ordre anti-normatif, les valeurs de transcendance du soi sont associées à une moindre obéissance et à des réactions émotionnelles congruentes. Le leadership transformationnel auto-perçu était associé à des émotions positives envers les pairs désobéissants au feu. Cependant, un style transformationnel perçu comme supérieur était associé à des émotions positives par respect pour le soldat qui ouvre le feu, ce qui ajoute des informations sur le côté sombre potentiel de ce style de leadership. La pertinence des valeurs personnelles, du style de leadership et de l'affectivité dans le contexte militaire est discutée. ; A influência do contexto nas reacções comportamentais e emocionais a uma situação de crime de guerra em cadetes militares (N = 315) é analisada. O estudo é baseado na experiência de Milgram e na tragédia de My Lai. Examina a obediência pessoal e de pares a uma ordem anti-normativa (perguntando aos participantes se obedeceriam a uma ordem paradisparar contra civis desarmados) em cinco vinhetas ou cenários que reproduzem as condições de Milgram e o cenário MyLai. Este é um estudo experimental entre dois cenários para duas condições (Milgram, 1974). Foram medidas a obediência pessoal e colectiva de outros militares, reacções emocionais, e os valores de Schwartz (2012). Mostrando um aumento do auto-julgamento, é relatado que os pares teriam mais probabilidades de disparar do que um. Replicando os resultados de Milgram, a obediência é maior quando a ordem é dada directamente por uma autoridade, e menor quando há conflito entre autoridades e pares desordeiros. Confirmando que a identificação com a humanidade e não apenas com o grupo ing pode levar os inquiridos a rejeitar uma ordem anti-normativa, os valores da transcendência do eu estão associados a uma menor obediência e a reacções emocionais congruentes. A liderança transformadora auto-percebida foi associada a emoções positivas para com os seus pares desobedientes ao fogo. Contudo, um estilo transformacional superior foi associado a emoções positivas por respeito ao soldado que abre fogo, acrescentando informação sobre o potencial lado negro deste estilo de liderança. A relevância dos valores pessoais, estilo de liderança e afectividade no contexto militar é discutida.

The present research aims to explore the relationship between group identification and emotional synchronization in a series of collective gatherings and evaluate their respective effects on key social-psychological variables. Thirteen studies were conducted in highly varied contexts, studying naturally happening phenomena, and focusing on a wide range of collective gatherings ( N = 2,260 participants). The results of factor analyses and a random-model meta-analysis strongly support the idea that group identification and emotional synchronization constitute two differentiated constructs that are systematically positively associated. At the aggregate level, results of multilevel models show that both group identification and emotional synchronization are significant predictors of key social-psychological variables. These findings suggest that an integrative approach is most needed to capture the experience of collective gatherings.

Masspersonal information seeking repertoires are a person-centered method of gaining insight into the relationship between Internet use, subjective well-being, and political participation. Through latent profile analysis, three person types were identified in two waves of stratified samples in 18 countries ( N = 8352). In accord with the "augmentation hypothesis," high levels of interpersonal contact and traditional mass media usage covaried with high Internet use for the highly engaged type, that had highest political participation and life satisfaction, political knowledge, low depressive symptoms and also high anxiety. The other two types fit the "displacement hypothesis," where Internet-based media displaces traditional media and face-to-face communication. Compared with the digitally immersed, the traditional repertoire was more knowledgeable and politically engaged, and had better well-being. Latent transition analysis showed these repertoires were stable over 6 months. Identifying different types of people with different information seeking styles clarifies mixed results on effects of online mass media use.