Suchergebnisse

Anticlericalism was a decisive trend in Spanish political, social, and
cultural life from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the Spanish
Civil War. It is true that anticlerical movements also existed in other
European states, but the confrontations were much more intense in Spain.
José M. Sánchez recalls this in a concise summary of the violence unleashed
by these struggles: from 1822 to 1936, at least 235 members of the clergy
were assassinated and around 500 churches and religious centres were
burned. In addition, in the three years of the Civil War, almost 7,000
priests, monks and nuns suffered the same fate. Despite this, until a few
years ago there were frequent complaints about the scant attention paid by
Spanish historians to this trend. Julio de la Cueva Merino referred to this
lack of research, and even to the 'historiographic vacuum', in a summary
of publications on the subject which appeared in 1991. Three years later,
Pilar Salomón mentioned the 'absence of fruitful bibliographic production', and, as recently as 1997, Rafael Cruz spoke of a 'shortage of works',
or at least a very scarce production of monographs. Outside the field of
history, anthropologists such as David Gilmore and Manuel Delgado have
likewise criticized the lack of interest of their colleagues in the face of what
Gilmore defined as 'as powerful a social and ideological phenomenon as
devotion', and which should deserve the same intellectual consideration.

RESUMEN: En contraste con la importancia habitualmente atribuida a la Primera Guerra Mundial en el establecimiento de regímenes democráticos y la ampliación de la ciudadanía política en Europa, este artículo analiza los cambios sustanciales que tuvieron lugar en este terreno en los treinta años anteriores al estallido de la guerra. A partir de un cambio decisivo de la concepción de la ciudadanía, con el que perdieron legitimidad algunas de las restricciones incorporadas durante el siglo XIX (el principio censitario, la concepción restrictiva de las capacidades y los criterios estamentales), las transformaciones no sólo tuvieron que ver con la generalización de la ciudadanía civil, sino que también se produjeron en el nivel de la ciudadanía política, gracias a las sucesivas ampliaciones del derecho del voto, e incluso permitieron la aparición de las primeras formulaciones de la ciudadanía social. Los factores más relevantes de este giro fueron la iniciativa de los políticos y sus cálculos sobre las ventajas de la generalización de tales derechos, junto a la acción autónoma de las organizaciones populares, y en especial de los partidos obreros. Palabras Clave: Europa fin de siglo, Democratización, Ciudadanía civil, Ciudadanía política, Ciudadanía social. ABSTRACT: Regardless ofthe importance generally given to the First World War in the establishment of democratic regimes and the enlargement of political citizenship in Europe, this article analyses the substantial changes that took place in this field within the thirty years previous to the outbreak of the war. Out of a decisive change in the concept of citizenship, which caused the loss of legitimacy of some of the restrictions incorporated during the 19th century (the censitary principie, the restrictive concept of the capacities and the stamental criteria), the transformations not only dealt with the generalisation of civil citizenship, but also occurred at the level of political citizenship, thanks to the successive extensions of the right to vote, and even allowed the emergence of the first formulations of social citizenship. The most relevant factors of this change were the politicians' initiatives and their estimations about the advantages presented by the generalisation of these rights, together with the autonomous action of popular organisations, principally the workers' parties. Key words: Finisecular Europe, Democratisation, Civil citizenship, Political citizenship, Social citizenship.

A pesar de las diferencias, sus biografías reflejan la diversidad interna de la tradición liberal española, que no se limita -como con frecuencia se ha pensado- al liberalismo conservador, y permiten sacar a la luz fragmentos de verdad sobre aquel siglo y medio tan convulso como apasionante. [Texto de la editorial]