Suchergebnisse

Los territorios rurales conexos a grandes urbes se ven influenciados por el fenómeno de la metropolización lo que conlleva a dinámicas de ocupación, cuya acción directa recae sobre el uso del suelo rural generando otro tipo de usos del mismo y de esta manera se propicia entonces la llegada de diferentes actores con intereses disímiles a los actores locales tradicionales aviniendo con ello nuevos tipos de relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas. El municipio de Tenjo (Cundinamarca) refleja dicho comportamiento debido a su cercanía con la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). La industrialización, inspirada por el comportamiento económico de la globalización, es uno de los factores que posibilitan la transformación de estos territorios lo que trae aparejado procesos de urbanización de los centros poblados urbanos y rurales. El crecimiento industrial en el otrora suelo rural, permite al municipio obtener una fuente de ingresos vía impuestos. Sin embargo, estas entradas económicas no garantizan que se apliquen políticas inclusivas. Este comportamiento se manifiesta con acciones como la nueva ruralidad del territorio y sus habitantes: nuevas ocupaciones tanto en la industria como en el sector servicios y comercio, dejando de lado, prácticamente, la producción primaria que se resiste a desaparecer por el esfuerzo de aquellos campesinos que aún persisten en su cotidianidad. Las manifestaciones de la transformación geográfica y social del municipio de Tenjo, deben enmarcarse en procesos de desarrollo rural, concebido como y para el bienestar general de los campesinos, tarea que le espera a la sociedad y en especial a los actores políticos. ; Neighboring rural areas to big cities are influenced by the phenomenon of metropolización which leads to dynamics of occupation, whose direct action lies with the rural land use generating other uses of the same and so is then propitious arrival different actors with different interests to traditional local actors generating with it new types of social, political and economic relations. The municipality of Tenjo (Cundinamarca) reflects such behavior due to its proximity to the city of Bogota (Colombia). industrialization, inspired by the economic behavior of globalization is one of the factors that enable the transformation of these territories which brings about urbanization in urban centers and rural villages. Industrial growth in rural land once, allows the municipality to obtain a source of income through taxes. However, these cheap tickets do not guarantee that inclusive policies are applied. This behavior is manifested by actions such as new rurality of the area and its inhabitants: new jobs in industry and in the trade and services sector, leaving aside virtually primary production that refuses to disappear by the efforts of those farmers persisting in their daily lives. Demonstrations of the geographical and social transformation of the municipality of Tenjo, should be in rural development processes, conceived as and for the general welfare of the peasants, task ahead to society and especially to the political actors.

The industrial construction sector is very important in Spain. Building materials used in this industry are sources of radiation from natural radionuclides they contain. The aim of this work is to measure the natural radioactivity in building materials. The relevance of the contribution of natural radiation that they generate implies their analysis taking into account the limitations imposed by national and international regulations and legislations. The studies about this subject have increased notably during last years. This, probably, can be associated with the increase interest from natural radiation radiological risk on indoor exposure. Radioactivity of some building materials could be increase, during the manufacturing processes, as results of the addition of NORM products to improve their properties. All building materials have varying amounts of natural radionuclides. They belong to natural radionuclides of uranium (238U) and thorium (232Th) series, together with the radioactive isotope of potassium (40K). The concentration of the natural radioactivity in the selected cements and ceramics were conducted with a coaxial ReGe detector. The energy an absolute efficiency calibration of the spectrometer was made using a sample certificated by IAEA-312 and IAEA-385. Software use to analyze the spectrum is the Cenie-2000 v.2.0 Canberra Nuclear. The activity concentrations from 226Ra, 232Th and 40K respectively from samples of Portland cements, tiles, ceramic and natural stones were determined. To compare the radiological effects of the materials used in the building which contain 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, a common index is required to obtain the sum of activities and according to RP 112 the absorbed dose in air can be calculated. Some indices dealing with the assessment of the excess gamma radiation arising from building materials such as Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq); External Hazard Index (Hex),;the Activity Concentration Index(I); Absorbed Gamma Dose Rate in indoor air (D); and Annual Effective Dose ...

Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) influence the tumor microenvironment and promote distal metastasis. Here we analyzed the involvement of melanoma-secreted EVs in lymph node pre-metastatic niche formation in murine models. We found that small EVs (sEVs) derived from metastatic melanoma cell lines were enriched in nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (NGFR, p75NTR), spread through the lymphatic system and were taken up by lymphatic endothelial cells, reinforcing lymph node metastasis. Remarkably, sEVs enhanced lymphangiogenesis and tumor cell adhesion by inducing ERK kinase, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Importantly, ablation or inhibition of NGFR in sEVs reversed the lymphangiogenic phenotype, decreased lymph node metastasis and extended survival in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, NGFR expression was augmented in human lymph node metastases relative to that in matched primary tumors, and the frequency of NGFR+ metastatic melanoma cells in lymph nodes correlated with patient survival. In summary, we found that NGFR is secreted in melanoma-derived sEVs, reinforcing lymph node pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis. ; we apologize to those authors whose work could not be cited due to size restrictions. We thank M. S. Soengas and the members of her laboratory for melanoma cells, primary melanocyte preparations and helpful discussions. We thank M. Detmar and S. Proulx for the mouse B16-F1R2 cell line. We are grateful to M. Yañez-Mo and M. Valés for antibodies against sEV markers. We thank D. Grela and A. Escobar from IESMAT for their support with the Zetasizer analysis. We thank G. Roncador, L. Maestre and J. L. Martinez Torrecuadrada for their help with the development and characterization of anti-NGFR antibodies and C. Villarroya Beltri for her help in flow cytometry analysis. This work was funded by the Starr Cancer Consortium (B.J.M., D.L. and H.P.), the US NIH (R01-CA169416), the Nancy C. and Daniel P. Paduano Foundation, the Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation (H.P. and D.L.), the Melanoma Research Alliance, the Feldstein Foundation, RETOS SAF2017-82924-R (AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER-UE), the Fundación Ramón Areces, the Fundación Bancaria 'la Caixa' (HR18-00256), ATRES-MEDIA AXA Foundation (CONSTANTES Y VITALES, una iniciativa de laSexta y Fundación AXA) and the Fundación Científica AECC (LABAE19027PEIN, GCB15152978SOEN-HP) (H.P.), the Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation, the AHEPA Fifth District Cancer Research Foundation, the Hartwell Foundation and the Manning Foundation (D.L.). We are also grateful for the support of the Translational Network for the Clinical Application of Extracellular Vesicles (TeNTaCLES), RED2018-102411-T (AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the Ramón y Cajal Programme, the FERO Foundation, Comunidad of Madrid 2017-T2/BMD6026 (L.N.) and La Caixa Foundation (ID100010434, fellowship LCF/BQ/ES17/11600007) (A.H.-B.). The CNIO, certified as a Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, is supported by the Spanish government through the ISCIII. ; No