Bolt from the Blue or Avoidable Failure? Revisiting September 11 and the Origins of Strategic Surprise
In: Foreign policy analysis, Band 1, Heft 3, S. 301-331
ISSN: 1743-8594
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In: Foreign policy analysis, Band 1, Heft 3, S. 301-331
ISSN: 1743-8594
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Band 23, Heft 3, S. 601-630
ISSN: 1467-9221
The devastating terror attacks of 11 September 2001 have often been characterized as a "bolt from the blue." Drawing inspiration from the political psychological literature on strategic surprise, this article poses the deceptively simple question of why so many U.S. policymakers were caught so woefully off guard last year. Through a preliminary empirical exploration of three broad explanatory "cuts" derived from the relevant interdisciplinary literature—psychological, bureau–organizational, and agenda–political—the authors seek to shed light on the sources of failure that may have contributed to 9/11 and point to promising avenues of investigation for future research as the available empirical record becomes more complete.
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Band 23, Heft 3, S. 601-630
ISSN: 0162-895X
In: Journal of church and state: JCS, Band 44, Heft 4, S. 829
ISSN: 0021-969X
In: Cooperation and conflict: journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Band 31, Heft 4, S. 433-442
ISSN: 0010-8367
In: Cooperation and conflict: journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 97-105
ISSN: 0010-8367
In: Documento de Trabajo, No. 84
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