Suchergebnisse

If in the case of consumer law, as protected persons are the consumers, then in the case of competition law, the protected entities are the competitors. A combination of actions in competition law presupposes that the same commercial offer satisfies several individual interests of consumers. In the strictest sense, such a combination implies the same legal fact, simultaneously opening up more possibilities for the consumer to choose due to loyal offers from a professional, if he is monopolistic or dominant in the market. More broadly, it can also be accepted that offers can be combined from several competing professionals relating to the same product or service and concerning the same individual interest of a consumer. The possible complementary effects of common law, which would justify the non-limitation of a specific piece of legislation, can never lead to a new monopoly. In some cases this will make competition law more effective and, in other cases, provide marginal and non-exclusive protection to consumers who do not have a direct right guaranteed by competition law. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the interdependent relationship between competition law and consumer law, from the perspective that both have the same common goal, namely to limit abuses by professionals in their economic activity, especially during pandemic times.

This article deals with the conditions and limitations to the right to reside and of freedom of movement recognized to third country nationals who are family members of an EU citizen. With its decision in the Zambrano case, the Court of Justice of the European Union decided that the status of citizen of the European Union produces its effects, initially limited to cross-border situations, also in purely domestic ones. Children with the citizenship of the European Union who are dependent of a parent with third country nationality would be forced to leave the territory of the European Union in case of refusal of their parent's application for the right of residence. They would thus be deprived of the substance of the rights conferred on them by virtue of their status as citizens of the European Union. The scope of said rights as recognized to a third country national member of the family of a citizen of the European Union depends on the determination of the substance of the rights conferred by the status as citizen of the European Union. The post-Zambrano case-law will be examined in order to determine the extent and limitation thereof.

In consumer dispute, litigation most of the time brings together a professional and a consumer who very often does not appear or appear alone in front of the judge, but does not really defend himself. The temptation of some judges here is to come to the aid of the party who does not appear or who does not defend himself well and therefore to apply the consumer protection rules ex officio. On this point, French and European case law has long been contradictory. In order to harmonize national law with European law, the French legislator confers to the judge the power to apply ex officio the provisions of the Consumer Code by means of the ex officio statement. The effectiveness of European consumer law, both protecting consumers and regulating the market, justifies the creation of an autonomous procedural law rather than an instrumentalisation of the ex officio recording of legal remedies. In these circumstances it is important to see the evolution of the recognition of the power of the judge ex officio, on the one hand, from the denial of said power to the faculty to do so (§ 1st) and, on the other hand, the power to waive ex officio the obligation to do so (§ 2nd).

The topicality of the subject is determined by the devastating economic effects of the events of the last two years that have affected the economy of the whole world, namely the pandemic with Covid 19 and most recently, the war in Ukraine. These effects are equally disruptive for intellectual property contracts when it is impossible to perform the obligation for the length of time the force majeure event exists, or the party shall engage in efforts to mitigate the effects of the force majeure event to perform the obligation under intellectual property contract. The research aims to clarify what circumstances or events could be considered force majeure, as well as the applicability of legal provisions in the context of measures undertaken by authorities in relation to events occurred. In addition, the performance of intellectual property contracts in force majeure circumstances will be addressed. Following the compared analysis of national legislations and practices, as well as different opinions and considerations of academia, the research reveals what circumstances could be considered a force majeure event, what are its particularities and impact on intellectual property contracts.

The issue under investigation concerns whether personal data or personal information from the point of view of intellectual property constitutes as such a commodity or economic potential, which may be subject to alienation and registration as an object protected by the intellectual property system or represent a non-commercial object, without circulation in civil relations, with a special legal regime, connected to the fundamental human rights and freedoms. Recognition of personal data and other categories of information, related to the person (geolocation data, user-generated content) in terms of intellectual property rights as objects of civil rights, would allow the development of the data market, necessary for the functioning of innovative technologies on big data, cognitive calculations, the Internet of goods, and bringing these technologies into a legal and civilized field. The objective of the article is to appreciate whether personal data is subject to any intellectual property rights by the assessment of EU jurisprudence in line with national legal framework of the Republic of Moldova.